Metz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF

FILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metz, Christian. [Essais sur la signification au cinà ©ma. English] Film language: a semiotics of the cinema / Christian Metz: translated by Michael Taylor. p. cm. Translation of: Essais†¦show more content†¦The term constantif, which Metz borrowed from Austin, should be rendered by constantive and not by ascertaining (p. 25). Finally, actor to translate Greimas s concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept (see Ducrà ´t and Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 224), and discours image when translated as image discourse is not very clear, since it is referring to film, which is made up of images. The following rough spots occur only once each: Unusual (p. 5) translates weakly insolite, which has also the connotation of strange, disquieting, surprising, unexpected, and uncanny. A slice of cinema (p.14) would be preferable to a piece of cinema. Narrative agency rather than instance; de-realizationor de-realizing rather than unrealizing. A seminal concept (p. 58) doesn t really render une notion gigogne (again the idea of embedded concepts). The title of Lang s film which is translated by The Damned is actually M. Signifying statements should be semenes (p. 26). I have not found an English equivalent for mise en grilles, which refers to a gridlike breakdown of linguistic units and which Taylor translates by pigeon-holing

Compare and Contrast Frankenstein and Invisible Man

Sometimes the determination of one to achieve his goals and dreams causes him to walk over the feelings or goal of another, making a person fall victim to the other persons desires. Through themes such as hatred, betrayal, and revenge, two pieces of literature, Invisible Man written by Ralph Ellison, and Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley, support this statement to the fullest extent. In both stories, the main character becomes a victim to a person or persons seeking individual power. However, when both characters realize the betrayal of these people, the knowledge causes them to rebel against their authorities. In Invisible Man, a young Negro, who remains unnamed throughout the entire novel and lived during the 1950s, is expelled†¦show more content†¦Though he succeeds with his experiment, and brings his work to life, the appearance of the creature instills such an enormous amount of fear in Victor that he becomes disgusted with his creation. After the horrible encounter with the estranged creature, Victor lets the beast go and flees back to his home in Geneva, hoping to never see the monster again. Upon Victors return, however, his hopes are destroyed when he isShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Role of Female Characters in Frankenstein1459 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine Mary Wollstonecraft Shelleys Frankenstein, the great work of literature, without, for example, such female characters as Mrs. Margaret Saville, Elizabeth Lavenza, and Justine Moritz? In this case the novel will have no meaning. All the women help to develop the plot, and without them Frankenstein will lose its spirit. Although these heroines have a lot in common in their characters: they are all strong-willed, kind, careful, and selfless, at the same time, each of them is uniqueRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pages Orlando Don Quixote A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Gesture Life Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the ScrewRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesdiffers from other kinds of writing - expressive, persuasive, and expository. Expressive writing aims to articulate the feelings of the writer; persuasive writing seeks co influence the reader; expository writing tries to explain the outer world. By contrast, a work of literature creates a world of its own which makes no reference to the real world as we normally know it, thus it is not expository writing. Nor is it quite the same as persuasive writing - a work of fiction makes no direct appeal to usRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthey do not possess the revelant feature. Consequently, identification of the relevant feature results in the establishment of a new, unique, objective category. xvi A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY (noyeau semique) and are, therefore, semantic variables (compare with Émile Beneveniste s extrinsic semes). The new integrity of semic nucleus plus contextual seme(s) constitutes a sememe. (Note that in the terminology of the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, a sememe is the significate of a morpheme. MetzRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 248 Fallacy of Circular Reasoning........................................................................................................... 250 Straw Man Fallacy.............................................................................................................................. 251 False Dilemma Fallacy........................................................................................

Governance in the Business Environment

Question: Section 1 Understanding the organisational purposes of businesses. You will need to: identify the purposes of different types of organisation. describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. Section 2 Understanding the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate. You will need to: explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. Section 3 Understanding the behaviour of organisations in their market environment . You will need to: explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses. illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation. Section 4 Assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities. You will need to: discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations. analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations. evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations.? Answer: Introduction: In this assignment, a thorough understanding is made on the different type of market structures, influence of stakeholders and relationship of an organization with the local, national and global environment. Section 1 The purposes of different types of organization are as follows: Public Sector The purpose of the organizations that work in the public sector is to serve the society rather than making profit. Private Sector The purpose of the organization which is working in the public sector is to gain profit from the services along with providing high quality services to the people (Aras and Crowther 2011). Sole trader The purpose of a sole trader is to provide the products and services to the people along with gaining profit. The sole trader takes the responsibility of all the debts and profits. The type of business that is owned by the sole trader are the specialist services like the plumbers, hair dresser or a photographer is sometime known as sole traders . There are a number of advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: This type of trade is very easy to set up and there is no need of any type of legal documentation. There is only a small amount of money is needed to be invested initially. The entrepreneur can make the decision solely. Disadvantages: As the whole business is ran by him solely so it might be that he may not be good in handling. Sole traders they need to work for longer hours so they do not get time to for vacations. The liability lies upon them when business fails. Partnership The purpose of the partnership is to divide the work, the profits as well as the losses equally among more than one businessperson. However, there should be a legal agreement among the individuals who are working in partnerships with each other Incorporated Company Private Limited Company (Ltd) The purpose of Private Limited Company (Ltd) organization is to give the individuals of the company a chance to posses the shares of the company. The people will get the profit if the rate of the shares increases (Baron 2013). Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) The purpose of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is to prevent the partners to pay the debts individually. Both the partners should clear any debts. Public Limited Company (plc) The purpose of the Public Limited Company (plc) is to invite the public to hold the shares of the company rather than the owners of the business Voluntary Organization: The purpose of the Voluntary Organizations is to provide products and services for the people, which are not aimed at gaining profit (Bansal and Hoffman 2012). Charity The purpose of the charitable organization is to help the poor, enhance the education, religion, health care, development of the community, enhance the culture, human right, and environment and prevent any conflict in the society Cooperative The main purpose of the cooperative is to work for the betterment of the members. The cooperative may or may not work for the non-members. The extent to which an organization will go meet the objectives of the stakeholder depends on the types of stakeholders. Primary: Primary stakeholders are the staff and shareholders of the company who take keen inertest on the operations of the company. Hence, the organization take special interest in carrying out he demands of the primary stakeholders (Baxter-Southworth 2011). Secondary Internal The internal stakeholders are the staffs of the company at various levels. Thus, the organizations take good interest in meeting the objectives of the internal stakeholders External The external stakeholders are mainly interested in the profits and the business of the organization. However, the organization is liable to meet the objectives of the external stakeholders as they also act as the financial assistance for the organization (Baron 2013). Connected The connected stakeholders like the trade unions, customers and the suppliers who have little power. Thus, the organization takes care of their interest but they are the secondary priority for the organizations The extent to which the organization meets the objectives of the stakeholders is as follows: Investors: The provider of the risk capital and the advisers are concerned with risk inherent in and return provided by the investment. Information is needed to help them is decide upon whether to sell o hold back on the stocks The shareholders they are also interested in assessing the ability of the enterprise to pay the dividends. Employees: The employees for understanding the profitability and stability of the employers need information. They are more interested upon the ability of the enterprise to provide benefits of retirement ,remunerationand many more Lenders: The information that is required by them was to enable them to determine whether the loan and the interest attached will be paid when due. Customers: Information about the continuance of the enterprise and its long term involvement interests the customers. Government Agencies: The interest of the government officials is on the allocation of resources. Information is also required by them to regulate the activities of the enterprises. The responsibilities of an organization and the strategies are as follows: Social Responsibilities The responsibilities of the organization towards the society or the general people are termed as social responsibilities. The strategies to meet these responsibilities are to adopt environment-friendly ways to do business and introduce policies that should be followed by the stakeholders. The organization must be ethical in its conduct of business. Taxes should not be avoided for example, as this is treated as unethical. There is a range of policies, which is advised to the stakeholders about the social responsibility, which covers the number of operational area, that are covered. Examples: The social responsibility is of primary concern for business and companies. Thus, they are always up to making the environment better through community development. Legal Responsibilities The legal responsibilities include the actions of the company towards the law of the country. The organization should implement the strategy of paying the tax in time to avoid getting involved in kind of legal problems (Schaffer and Schaffer 2012). Legislation leads to imposition of the obligations on the organization which it must comply with or might face legal redress. The organization type and the framework in which it operates would help in determining which legislation considered as appropriate Example: If an organization is an incorporated company then it must register itself with Companies House to ensure that the details regarding share capital and ownership are kept up to date. They must complete the returns and pay the corporation tax on the profit each year. Stakeholder Responsibilities The strategies that can be implemented to carry out the social and the legal responsibilities can be applied to the stakeholder responsibilities as well. The organization must look into the responsibility of the stakeholders. The fall of the interest of both the legal and social is undoubtedly important to understand the specific responsibility of the stakeholders. Example: The responsibility of the government is to collect tax from the inland revenue, excise and custom duty. The duty of the shareholders would be in the growth of the capital of the shares and the dividends. Section 2: Allocation of resources in the economic system: The sole traders are also guided as per the economic system. This will help them is effectively allocating their resources. Economic system is a system where there is production, exchange, allocation of resources and distribution of the services and the goods in the society in a particular geographical area. Every type of organization functions within an environment. There are different types of economic systems that are functional in different regions. There are three types of economic systems and they are traditional, command and market economy. The allocation of the resources in these economic systems is governed by the three primary questions: what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. In the traditional economic system, the production of goods depends on the tradition and the roles that are passed on through generation. The way to produce the good is determined by the custom and is used by the traditional families and social units. It is mainly used by the Aborigin es of Australia , Mbuit of Cental Africa and Inuit of Canada. In case of the command economy and market economy, the government and individuals respectively determine everything related to production (Pollack, 2011). The market and command economy are the extreme economy, which are not adopted wholly. The command economy is more pronounced in Old kingdom Egypt, middle ages in Europe and Zhou Dynasty of China. The market economy example are found in United States , Australia and Canada. The size of the economy is dependent on the GDP. Majority of the countries are seen to follow mixed economic systems. The market economy is more accepted form in many of the countries as all the countries have the national interest, which is to be paid for emergency services, politicians and defence. The drawback of command form of economy is that there are very little choices available to the customers as the government decides everything. The traditional economy operates in a small regions and the decision is based on the barter system, which is currently not accepted by the countries. Effect of monetary and fiscal policy on the activities of business: The monetary policy and fiscal policies have serious impact on the functioning of the business organization. The government governs the fiscal policies while the monetary policies are governed by the central bank of the country. The changes in the spending by the government and taxation affects the demand level of the economy (Palmer and Hartley 2012). In order to achieve lower taxation on profit or increase in tax on allowances, when there is investment made by the organization on the equipments and the staffs then fiscal policy is used. This will increase the profit as well as the expenditure on the resources by the firm. The more is the spending done by the government on firms who export would help generate more employment. The problem that is sometimes faced by the organization is that the workers can demand for higher pay due to rise in inflation because of increased spending by the government. Monetary policy tends to influence the variables like the interest and money supply that helps in regulating the economy. The low rate of interest is encouraged by the organization as it helps the business to expand. Business functions well when there is more supply of money in the economy (Morrison and Morrison 2011). Example: The expansionary monetary policy was implemented in the United States during the Great Recession. Fiscal policy: The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008in US helped in boosting the economy by sending the taxpayers 600 or 1200 dollars depending upon the marital status and number of dependents I think there should be a proper blend of the monetary and the fiscal policies so that the impact on the activities and the business organization is positive. Impact of the competition policy and activities related to regulatory mechanism on the selected organization. There are specific types of industries where the government can affect the market through the regulatory mechanism and competition. The legislation, Enterprise Act (2002) and the Competition Act (1998) of UK has three types of objectives: Exclusion of the practices and agreements tend to restrict free trade and competition in between the business entities. Banning of dominant firms with abusive behavior and anti competitive practices leading to the dominant position Supervise the mergers and acquisition. The threatening competitive process must be restricted (Miller 2011). The regulatory mechanism of the government helps in controlling activities of the organization. This includes the way taxation helps in encouraging the investment. The increase or the decrease in taxation depends on the skills and training, industrial policy, development in the region and environmental protection. The stated owned agencies that has been privatized are Ofwat , Ofcom and Ofgem. The competition commission regulates the other markets and organization. Section 3 Determination of price and output in the different market structures In case of any type of organization, the equilibrium price and quantity is achieved through the interaction of the supply and demand. There are different types of market structures and each has different way of determining the price and quantity: Perfect competition: In form of market, there are a number of suppliers andno barriers to the entryof firms. The customers are no willing to pay if the product is expensive and too low price is also not acceptable by the producers. Thus, the demand and supply is in equilibrium. Monopolistic: There are many suppliers of the products but the product sold is slightly differentiated. The organization s they carry out different type of pricing strategy. Oligopoly: There are only a few firms dominating the market because there are barriers to the entry of the firms. The organizationsin this form of structure needs to decide on whether to collude or compete, whether to charge a higher price of lower price and whether it is better to take the first move or wait and follow the strategy of the other firm Duopoly: In this type of market, there are two types of organizations controlling the market. Two organizations they compete with each other with respect to price so that they can attract more customers or supply where they effectively agree to share the market. The sole traders may perform in any type of market structure in which their profit is maximized. There are risks associated to the customers due to the lack of competition about the price and quality of goods so the competition policy promotes competition and prevents oligopoly and duopoly (Besanko, Braeutigam and Gibbs 2011). Examples showing the ways in which the forces of the market shapes responses of the organization: The demand and the supply of the products is affected by the availability of the quantity of goods and the services available and the price that is paid to them. It has been seen that when there is relatively inelastic demand there is plenty of supply by the purchasers of the services and the goods. There is also more power to choose and obtain the products. In case of monopolistic competition, strategy must be done carefully and consider what their customers want and need. I think that market forces play an important role. The market forces help in shaping the responses of the organization and this can be shown with the help of the following real life examples: In a duopoly market where Coca cola and Pepsi has a large marker share,they are seen to share the market with lesser investment made on advertising and price competition so that one can be dominant than the other. The electric and the gas companies of UK and the operation of the super markets fall into the category oligopoly. The electric and the gas companies they provide differentiated goods but have similar cost structure so when an organization makes a move the other organization follows it. This is because the products are slightly homogenous. Super markets compete on the services, values and prices. The influence over the suppliers is more by the supermarket rather than the gas and electric industry. Restaurants are form of monopolistic market, where the price and quantity sold depends on the reputations and the quantity provided.This is the reason why the Michelin 5 star rated restaurants cost more than ordinary restaurants (Hulleman and Marijs 2012). Change of behavior of an organization due to the cultural and business environment. In any type of trade, the environment plays a crucial role; this environment also affects sole trades. The macroeconomic environment of an organization is influenced by the following factors: Political: This is shows how stable is the political environment it is related to the fiscal and monetary policies Economic: This shows whether the economic environment is favorable for business. Social: The population structure also affects the functioning of the organization. Technical: If technological development is sound then it is said to be favorable for the business. Ethical or Environmental: The affect of the organization due to the current environment. Legal: Whether the legal framework in the country, helps in assisting or hinders the business operations (Chorafas 2011). Example: PEST for Coca Cola: Political Analysis: The government tries to regulate the manufacturing procedure of the products. The product is subjected to the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Economic Analysis: The recession of 2001 made the US to take up aggressive actions. The company Coca cola took note of this and knew that the interest on the loan is likely to rise when there is return back of the economy. Social analysis: To maintain a healthy lifestyle of the consumers, the company introduced diet Coke. Technological Analysis: The Company is constantly upgrading the technology such as changing the design of the packages so that more customers are eager to purchase. The micro economic environment of the organization depends on the Porters five forces: Strength and level of competition Threat of new entrants Threat of product substitutes Power of the buyers Power of suppliers Example: Porters five forces for Coca cola: There is high level of competition faced by the company Coca Cola.The main competitor for the company is Pepsi. There are minimal barriers to the entry of new entrants. Company from the new entrants faces medium pressure. There are a large number of substitutes available in the market like soda, juices and energy drinks. The individual buyer has no pressure on Coca Cola. The large firm like the Wal-Mart has more bargaining power but lessens with respect to the brand loyalty of the customers. The bargaining power of the supplier is lower for Coca Cola. Section 4 When engaging in any type of business the sole traders need to adhere to the global policies so that it can transact business internationally. The international trade has a significant role to play for both the supplier point of view as well as the customer perspective for the organization, which are working in the UK. As the resources and the customers are not equally available in the market of UK, hence the international trade helps the organization to trade products put of the country as well as get raw material from the foreign countries. A car manufacturer in UK can manufacture more products than it is demanded in the UK. The manufacturer can then export the products in other parts of Europe as well. The cost of human resource is also different in different countries. Hence, if the organization in the market of UK wants to do a particular business that is not possible in the UK, then they can do the business elsewhere by hiring the staffs from that particular country. As the cli mate is not favorable to mine diamonds or grow bananas or grapes in the UK, they can move out to a place, where the climate is favorable as well as human recourses is cheap (Du 2013). The global factors can affect the organization in the UK either negatively or positively. The international trade comes under the positive impact when the organization is able to export a well as import products and services from the foreign countries. The government of Europe has removed the rules and restrictions from the trade. Hence, the foreign organizations organization can do free trade with the organizations in the UK (Hamilton and Webster 2012). On the other hand, the natural disaster and financial downturn in the foreign countries also affect the market of UK. For example, the financial crisis in Greece and the natural disaster in Japan and Peru affect the trade with these countries with the UK. Some other global factors that affect the trade of the UK are: Kyoto Protocol Rio Earth Summit Third World Poverty G-20 Global Financial Stability The policies implemented by the European Union aims at providing a common market for all the countries where they can trade freely. The European Union started in the year 1958 with six members. The countries re benefited because the import and the export tariffs were removed with a common tariff applied to all. The countries are assured no obstacles to cross-border travel and trade, there has been a standardization on the legislation regarding the technical and safety standards, the legal barriers ion trade was abolished, the VAT rates were similar and the qualifications of the employees are recognized equally among the countries (Gil Aluja and TercenÃÅ'Æ’o 2012). Hence, an organization in the UK and another in Germany can compete directly as the legal regulations a d rules will be equal for the two countries under the European Union. Conclusion: The overall assignment helps in understanding the purpose of the business, the environment of the business in which it operates, behavior of organization in the market and significance of the global factor on shaping of business activities. References: Aras, G Crowther, D 2011,Governance in the business environment, Emerald, Bingely, U.K. Bansal, P Hoffman, A 2012,The Oxford handbook of business and the natural environment, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Baron, D 2013,Business and its environment, Pearson, Boston. Baxter-Southworth, H 2011,Influence across boundaries, Third Bridge Press, Arnold, MD. Besanko, D, Braeutigam, R Gibbs, M 2011,Microeconomics, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. Chorafas, D 2011,Energy, environment, natural resources and business competitiveness, Gower, Farnham, England. Du, W 2013,Informatics and management science VI, Springer, London. Gil Aluja, J TercenÃÅ'Æ’o, A 2012,Methods for decision making in an uncertain environment, World Scientific, Singapore. Hamilton, L Webster, P 2012,The international business environment, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hulleman, W Marijs, A 2012,Economics and business environment, Noordhoff, Groningen [etc.]. Miller, W 2011,Wiley CPA Exam Review Focus Notes 2012, Business Environment and Concepts, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Morrison, J Morrison, J 2011,The global business environment, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Palmer, A Hartley, B 2012,The business environment, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, London. Pollack, K 2011,Unfinished business, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Schaffer, R Schaffer, R 2012,International business law and its environment, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Sloman, J Jones, E 2011,Economics and the business environment, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow, England.

Othello Essays (1264 words) - Othello, English-language Films

Othello Character Analysis of Othello In the play Othello, the character of Othello has certain traits which make him seem naive and unsophisticated compared to many other people. This is why Iago, to get his just rewards uses him as a scapegoat. Iago told Roderigo, O,sir, content you. I follow him [Othello] to serve my turn upon him (I, i lines 38-9). Iago is saying, he only follows Othello to a point, and upon reaching it he will not follow him any longer. Iago has opened my eyes to see the real meaning of deceit. No matter what, Iago will try to take advantage of Othello any time and he will be easily lead to believe the lies of Iago. The Moor, as many Venetians call him, is of strong character. He is very proud and in control of every move throughout the play. The control is not only of power but of the sense of his being who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a scuffle with Brabantio, who has come to kill him, but before anything could happen Othello said, Hold your hands, both of you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter (I, ii, lines 80-3). The power shown here is quite astounding. The nature of Othellos character is of a dark man. A dark man, not only because he is black, but also because his whole person is very mysterious. He is mysterious in that he believes there is magic brewing everywhere. With this dark side he is also very outgoing, and not very bright. He isnt observant and the schemes of Iago work well on him. Though he doesnt reflect too much on his past, except occasional ventures of wars fought, he does let his emotions run his life. For all the dangers and encounters he has been involved in, this man is still naive of the corruptness of other individuals. Othello has a trusting nature in which he gives it all. He put all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othellos marriage to Desdemona. This wasnt very bright of Othello, even if he wasnt trusting or more corrupt he still wouldnt realize Iago was lying. Everyone considered Iago as honest, and would be out of character for Othello to believe any different. For example, Othello had told the Duke, So please your grace, my ancient; A man he is of honesty and trust. To his conveyance I assign my wife, With what else needful your good grace shall think, To be sent after me (I, iii, lines 284-8). The control over any situation is one Othellos strong characteristics. Through the whole first act you can picture a man so much power and natural leadership and when he changes you cannot believe it. For example, when Lodovico had witnessed Othello hit Desdemona, he said: Is this the noble Moor whom our full Senate Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature Whom passion could not shake? whose solid virtue The shot of accident nor dart of chance could neither graze nor pierce (IV, i, lines 264-8)? While Iago, being the honest man he is, answers: Hes that he is, I may not breathe my censure. What he might be (if, what he might, he is not) I would to heaven he were (IV, i, lines 270-2). Another place where Shakespeare shows Othello taking control over a situation is when Cassio and Montano are fighting after Roderigo antagonized him. These words Othello said are important now, but they will be more important later when he is alone with Desdemona in their bedroom. He will say: Now, by heaven, My blood begins my safer guides to rule, And passion, having my best judgement collied, Assays to lead the way. If I once stir Or do but lift this arm, the best of you Shall sink in my rebuke (II, iii, lines 203-8). You must feel sorrow for Othello because with all the power he has and the endless trust he gives, you try to reach out and show him the truth. By having his ancient or friend, Honest Iago bring him the news of his wifes bad habits. Othello had no alternative but to believe him. If

Plato’s account of philosophy Essays

Plato’s account of philosophy Essays Plato’s account of philosophy Paper Plato’s account of philosophy Paper Essay Topic: Phaedrus Second Treatise of Government Plato was born in Athens, in c. 427 B.C.E. During this period, Athens was involved in a long drawn, resource intensive and disastrous war with Sparta, also known as the   Peloponnesian War. The scion of an aristocratic ancestry, Plato came from a distinguished family. He was the son of Ariston descending from Codrus, one of the early kings of Athens and Perictione, descending from Solon, the prominent reformer of the Athenian constitution, both of Athenian aristocratic ancestry.. Plato spent the greater part of his life in Athens, with occasional visits to Sicily and Southern Italy and as per one account, he also traveled to Egypt. Details regarding the early part of his life is not known, but he was certainly privileged enough to get the finest education Athens had to offer to people of noble lineage. Plato was a disciple of Socrates, whom he considered the most learned man of his times. Plato’s association with Socrates was a turning point in his life, as it had a profound and lasting influence on the course of his life, philosophy and thinking. The compelling power of his arguments and methods impressed Plato and he became a close associate of Socrates. Socrates was amongst the most influential scholar of his times and he was a pioneer who concerned himself with the study of exclusively moral and political issues unlike his contemporaries who were more preoccupied with cosmology and ontology.Considering his distinguished origins and the association with Socrates, he was naturally destined to take an active role in political life. Plato aspired to assume a significant position in the political landscape of Athens, but he found his attempts being consistently thwarted. The frustration is expressed by him in the autobiographical Seventh Letter, wherein he conveys his inability to assimilate himself with any of the political parties or the successively corrupt regimes of his time, all of which contributed to the downfall of Athens(324b-326a).Socratesâ⠂¬â„¢ execution on an unjust charge of impiety had been overwhelmingly voted for(approved) by a democratic   court with a large majority in 399. This led Plato to the conclusion that all existing governments were flawed and ruinous; and would continue to be so, unless the rulers themselves became philosophers or unless the philosophers themselves gained political power.It was perhaps because of this opinion that he retreated to his Academy and to Sicily for implementing his ideas. Plato utilized his extensive knowledge and wisdom to the pursuit of politics and the writing of tragedy and other forms of poetry. He thrice visited Syracuse with the purpose of imparting a philosophical attitude and line of thought to the tyrannical rulers, but his effort proved futile. The brief attempt at imparting practical wisdom having failed, he retreated to Athens. His Academy was the institution of learning for subjects as diverse as Mathematics, rhetoric, astronomy, dialectics, and other subjec ts, all identified as crucial for the intellectual and philosophical development of students. The Academy proved to be a valuable base for successive generations of Platonic philosophers until its final closure in C.E. 529. Some of Plato’s pupils later became leaders, mentors, and constitutional advisers in Greek city-states, the most distinguished amongst them being Aristotle. Plato died in c. 347 B.C.E.The focus of this research paper is to conduct a brief study on the philosophical outlook of Plato to incorporate an analysis of his best works and to illustrate the significant contribution made by him in the field of philosophy.Philosophical Tools    Plato is more well known for his writings like the Republic, the Statesman, the Laws and a few shorter dialogues which are considered to be strictly political treatises,   and hence it can be stated that Plato was an accomplished political philosopher of his times. Compared to Socrates, Plato was much more systematic as a t hinker and meticulous in his ways. He established his own school of philosophy, the Academy; which became a major source of learning for the successive generation of scholars in Athens. Unlike Socrates, Plato extended his areas of concern to include the study of metaphysics and epistemology, as he endeavored to discover the ultimate constituents of reality.The introduction of the process of conceptual analysis was initiated by Plato for the first time in the history of Philosophy, as a means to clarify a concept or its meaning. In contrast to most other philosophers of his time, Plato considered conceptual analysis as a preliminary step and not as an end in itself. He considered critical evaluation of beliefs, the deciding of which one of the incompatible ideas is correct and which one is wrong as the second step and more important step. Plato considered decision making about the political order on the same pedestal of importance as the choice between peace and war. This belief was based on the conviction that the public is not the best suited or mature enough to arrive at the correct decision, as it is capable of wisdom only in hindsight, mostly after the occurrence of disastrous experiences. In his political philosophy, the clarification of concepts is thus a preliminary step in evaluating beliefs, and right beliefs in turn lead to an answer to the question of the best political order. This gradual progression from the stages of conceptual analysis, followed by a critical assessment of beliefs, to the best political order is demonstrated in the writings of his book ‘The Republic’.The most notable and outstanding example of Plato’s mature philosophies   appears in The Republic, which is an extended argument for the most fundamental about the   conduct of human life. Plato utilizes dialogue with a fictional character ‘Socrates’ and proceeds to examine the nature and value of justice and other virtues as they occur   in da y to day life, both from the perspective of human society and in the personality of a human being. This discussion thereafter leads to an in depth assessment of the various aspects of human nature, the attainment of knowledge, the ability to distinguish between substance and appearance and the basic edifice of morality. Due to the diverse range of issues it addresses, the book can be read from several different perspectives: as a political treatise, or a book on the conduct of life, as a study of society and the relation of society with that of a person, an exhaustive study on the   basic metaphysical and epistemological issues or as a pedagogical handbook.Justice as Defined in The republic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first section of the Republic is a discussion on the nature of justice and the aim of the discussion is to arrive at the genuine definition of the subject, through a process which involves the proposal, criticism, and rejection of several inadequate attempts at defining just ice. Since Justice is the most fundamental ethical and political concepts, it incorporates individual virtue, the order of society, and individual rights which may contradict the interests of the society. Four definitions of justice are propounded; all of them are discussed elaborately and then discarded as not being wholly consistent with the basic premises, and due to   the associated variable factors.   Thus the first section of the book ends on a negative note with all the participants in agreement that the concept of justice is not as easily defiened as it seemed due to the inconsistencies involved in popular opinions of justice. the e This negative outcome can be seen as a linguistic and philosophical therapy.The reportive definitions of justice as understood by us from its use in daily life serves to provide a partial understanding of its meaning, but the holistic definition continues to be elusive in the absence of true communications between people and a conceptual clar ity on beliefs. A definition that is merely arbitrary or either too narrow or too broad, based on a false belief about justice, does not give the possibility of communication. Platonic dialogues are expressions of the ultimate communication that can take place between humans; and true communication is likely to take place only if individuals can share meanings of the words they use. Communication based on false beliefs, such as statements of ideology, is still possible, but seems limited, dividing people into factions, and, as history teaches us, can finally lead only to confusion. Therefore, in the Republic, as well as in other Platonic dialogues, there is a relationship between conceptual analysis and critical evaluation of beliefs. The focus of the second part of Book I is no longer clarification of concepts, but evaluation of beliefs.In Platonic dialogues, rather than telling them what they have to think, Socrates is often getting his interlocutors to tell him what they think. I n the fifth and fourth century B.C.E., the sophists were paid teachers of rhetoric and other practical skills, mostly non-Athenians, offering courses of instruction and claiming to be best qualified to prepare young men for success in public life. Plato describes the sophists as itinerant individuals, known for their rhetorical abilities, who reject religious beliefs and traditional morality, and he contrasts them with Socrates, who as a teacher would refuse to accept payment and instead of teaching skills would commit himself to a disinterested inquiry into what is true. One of the participants in the discussions, Thrasymachus presents a skeptical and negativist definition of justice which states that justice is not a universally applicable moral value but a notion utilized as a tool by the dominant group in the society; and that since it comes in handy for the dominant group to suppress a vast majority of people, it is their exclusive interest and that it is has different connotat ions for the different sections of the society. Although this definition is brushed aside by Plato in the book, it is a statement that     has taxed whole generations of thinkers to struggle with and the debate still continues.emphasis of The Republic is vastly on the topic of the creation of an ideal state run by philosophers and its subsequent decline, the basic theme of the book is Justice. It is obvious that Plato does not intend his interpretation of the ideal political order to be practically implemented (592a-b), instead his motive is to convey the thesis that   justice if understood to stand for goodness and virtue could form the foundation of a good political order. Plato contends that if the concept of Justice is correctly appreciated and exercised, it would be for the collective good of the society as a whole and the benefits would not be restricted to any particular faction. It provides the state with a sense of purpose and unity and consequently its well being. It provides the city with a sense of unity, and thus, is a basic condition for its health. â€Å"Injustice causes civil war, hatred, and fighting, while justice brings friendship and a sense of common purpose† (351d).A clear understanding of Plato’s perception of Justice and Social Order can be arrived at if Plato’s philosophy and thoughts are compared with the pre-philosophical insights of Solon, his maternal grandfather. Solon had been responsible for the complete restructuring of the social order of Athens at a time when Athens was poised for a rapid decline. The political and social stability of Athens had been badly shaken by the serious differences that had cropped up between the rich and the poor, the lenders and the serfs. Solon had impartially gone about the task of social and economic reforms and had brought Athens back from the brink of political and social and political collapse. Considering the fact that education at that time was imparted at home, it is probable that Plato had been deeply influenced by Solon. Solon’s reforms provided the Greeks with a model of political leadership based on the principles of fairness, equality and justice. Solon digressed from the accepted arithmetical interpretation and implementation of justice by approaching the issue holistically and relying upon fairness based upon difference.To a remarkable extent, Plato’s thoughts, writings, ideas of political order, leadership, and justice can be seen to be influenced by Solon. For Plato,   the starting point for the inquiry about the best political order is the fact of social diversity and conflicting interests, which involve the danger of civil strife. The political community consists of different parts or social classes, such as the noble, the rich, and the poor, each representing different values, interests, and claims to rule. This gives rise to the controversy of who should rule the community, and what is the best political system. In both the Republic and the Laws, Plato asserts not only that factionalism and civil war are the greatest dangers to the city, more dangerous even than war against external enemies, but also that peace obtained by the victory of one part and the destruction of its rivals is not to be preferred to social peace obtained through the friendship and cooperation of all the city’s parts (Republic 462a-b, Laws 628a-b). The best political order for Plato is that which promotes social peace in the environment of cooperation and friendship among different social groups, each benefiting from and each adding to the common good. The best form of government, which he advances in the Republic, is a philosophical aristocracy or monarchy, but that which he proposes in his last dialogue the Laws is a traditional polity: the mixed or composite constitution that reconciles different partisan interests and includes aristocratic, oligarchic, and democratic elements.Philosopher Rulers   Ã‚   . De spite the fact that the fundamental components of democracy are equality and freedom, Plato does not consider democracy to be the best form of government. In the Republic, he is severely critical of unchecked democracy because of certain features   (557a-564a) like excessive freedom, which can potentially lead to anarchy. Similarly, he felt that the concept of equality can also be abused by power hungry people, motivated by personal gain rather than public good. Plato felt that democracy was thus highly corruptible as it provided easy access to demagogues, potential dictators, and can thus lead to tyranny. Although, this reasoning is not applicable to modern democracies, it could be seen to be highly applicable to the democratic setup existing at that point of time in Greece. Democracy depends on chance and must be mixed with competent leadership (501b).Without able and virtuous leaders, such as Solon or Pericles, who come and go by chance, it is not a good form of government. Pla to argues that since governing a state involves judicious decision making and wisdom, the people who are selected to rule should not be in a position to do so by accident of circumstances, they should be trained and prepared in the course of extensive training. Making political decisions requires good judgment. Politics needs competence, at least in the form of today’s civil servants. In spite of the idealism with which he is usually associated, Plato is not politically naive. He does not idealize, but is deeply pessimistic about human beings. Most people, corrupted as they are, are for him fundamentally irrational, driven by their appetites, egoistic passions, and informed by false beliefs. If they choose to be just and obey laws, it is only because they lack the power to act criminally and are afraid of punishment (Republic, 359a). Nevertheless, human beings are not vicious by nature. They are social animals, incapable of living alone (369a-b). Living in communities and exc hanging products of their labor is natural for them, so that they have capacities for rationality and goodness. Plato, as later Rousseau, believes that once political society is properly ordered, it can contribute to the restoration of morals. A good political order, good education and upbringing can produce â€Å"good natures; and [these] useful natures, who are in turn well educated, grow up even better than their predecessors† (424a). Hence, there are in Plato such elements of the idealistic or liberal world view as the belief in education and progress, and a hope for a better future. The quality of human life can be improved if people learn to be rational and understand that their real interests lie in harmonious cooperation with one another, and not in war or partisan strife. However, unlike Rousseau, Plato does not see the best social and political order in a democratic republic. If philosophers are those who can distinguish between true and false beliefs, who love know ledge and are motivated by the common good, and finally if they are not only master-theoreticians, but also the master-practitioners who can heal the ills of their society, then they, and not democratically elected representatives, must be chosen as leaders and educators of the political community and guide it to proper ends. Plato assumes that a city in which the rulers do not govern out of desire for private gain, but are least motivated by personal ambition, is governed in the way which is the finest and freest from civil strife (520d). Philosophers will rule not only because they will be best prepared for this, but also because if they do not, the city will no longer be well governed and may fall prey to economic decline, factionalism, and civil war. They will approach ruling not as something really enjoyable, but as something necessary (347c-d).Other Works  Ã‚   In a few dialogues, such as Phaedo, the Republic, Phaedrus, Timaeus, and the Laws, Plato introduces his doctrine of the immortality of the soul. His ultimate answer to the question â€Å"Who am I?† is not an â€Å"egoistic animal† or an â€Å"independent variable,† as the twentieth century behavioral researcher blatantly might say, but an â€Å"immortal soul, corrupted by vice and purified by virtue, of whom the body is only an instrument† (129a-130c). Expert political knowledge for him should include not only knowledge of things out there, but also knowledge of oneself. This is because whoever is ignorant of himself will also be ignorant of others and of political things, and, therefore, will never be an expert politician (133e). Those who are ignorant will go wrong, moving from one misery to another (134a). For them history will be a tough teacher, but as long they do not recognize themselves and practice virtue, they will learn nothing. Plato’s good society is impossible without transcendence, without a link to the perfect being who is God, the true measure of all things. It is also impossible without an ongoing philosophical reflection on whom we truly are. Therefore, democracy would not be a good form of government for him unless, as it is proposed in the Laws, the element of freedom is mixed with the element of wisdom, which includes ultimate knowledge of the self. Unmixed and unchecked democracy, marked by the general permissiveness that spurs vices, makes people impious, and lets them forget about their true self, is only be the second worst in the rank of flawed regimes after tyranny headed by a vicious individual. This does not mean that Plato would support a theocratic government based on shallow religiosity and religious hypocrisy. There is no evidence for this. Freedom of speech, forming opinions and expressing them, which may be denied in theocracy, is a true value for Plato, along with wisdom. It is the basic requirement for philosophy. In shallow religiosity, like in atheism, there is ignorance and no knowledge of the self either. In Book II of the Republic, Plato criticizes the popular religious beliefs of the Athenians, who under the influence of Homer and Hesiod attribute vices to the gods and heroes (377d-383c). He tries to show that God is the perfect being, the purest and brightest, always the same, immortal and true, to whom we should look in order to know ourselves and become pure and virtuous (585b-e). God, and not human beings, is the measure of political order (Laws, 716c).Criticism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Objections against the government of philosopher-rulers can be made. Firstly, because of the restrictions concerning family and private property, Plato is often accused of totalitarianism. However, Plato’s political vision differs from a totalitarian state in a number of important aspects. Especially in the Laws he makes clear that freedom is one of the main values of society (701d). Other values for which Plato stands include justice, friendship, wisdom, courage, and mode ration, and not factionalism or terror that can be associated with a totalitarian state. The restrictions which he proposes are placed on the governors, rather than on the governed. Secondly, one can argue that there may obviously be a danger in the self-professed claim to rule of the philosophers. Individuals may imagine themselves to be best qualified to govern a country, but in fact they may lose contact with political realities and not be good leaders at all.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plato’s achievement as a political philosopher may be seen in that he believed that there could be a body of knowledge whose attainment would make it possible to heal political problems, such as factionalism and the corruption of morals, which can bring a city to a decline. The doctrine of the harmony of interests, fairness as the basis of the best political order, the mixed constitution, the rule of law, the distinction between good and deviated forms of government, practical wisdom as the quality of good leadership, and the importance of virtue and transcendence for politics are the political ideas that can rightly be associated with Plato. They have profoundly influenced subsequent political thinkers.

Biography of Frederick Douglass

Biography of Frederick Douglass The biography of Frederick Douglass is emblematic of the lives of slaves and former slaves. His struggle for freedom, devotion to the abolitionist cause, and lifetime battle for equality in America established him as perhaps the most important African-American leader of the 19th century. Early Life Frederick Douglass was born in February 1818 on a plantation on the eastern shore of Maryland. He was not sure of the his exact birth date, and he also did not know the identity of his father, who was assumed to be a white man and likely a member of the family who owned his mother. He was originally named Frederick Bailey by his mother, Harriet Bailey. He was separated from his mother when he was young, and was raised by other slaves on the plantation. Escape From Slavery When he was eight years old he was sent to live with a family in Baltimore, where his new mistress taught him to read and write. Young Frederick demonstrated considerable intelligence, and in his teens he was hired out to work in the shipyards of Baltimore as a caulker, a skilled position. His salary was paid to his legal owners, the Auld family. Frederick became determined to escape to freedom. After one failed attempt, he was able to secure identification papers in 1838 stating he was a seaman. Dressed as a sailor, he boarded a train northward and successfully escaped to New York City at the age of 21. A Brilliant Speaker for the Abolitionist Cause Anna Murray, a free black woman, followed Douglass northward, and they were married in New York City. The newlyweds moved onward to Massachusetts (adopting the last name Douglass). Douglass found work as a laborer in New Bedford. In 1841 Douglass attended a meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Nantucket. He got onstage and gave a speech which riveted the crowd. His story of life as a slave was delivered with passion, and he was encouraged to dedicate himself to speaking out against slavery in America. He began touring the northern states, to mixed reactions. In 1843 he was nearly killed by a mob in Indiana. Publication of Autobiography Frederick Douglass was so impressive in his new career as a public speaker that rumors circulated that he was somehow a fraud and had never actually been a slave. Partly to contradict such attacks, Douglass began writing an account of his life, which he published in 1845 as The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The book became a sensation. As he became prominent, he feared slave catchers would apprehend him and return him to slavery. To escape that fate, and also to promote the abolitionist cause overseas, Douglass left for an extended visit to England and Ireland, where he was befriended by Daniel OConnell, who was leading the crusade for Irish freedom. Douglass Purchased His Own Freedom While overseas Douglass made enough money from his speaking engagements that he could have lawyers affiliated with the abolitionist movement approach his former owners in Maryland and purchase his freedom. At the time, Douglass was actually criticized by some abolitionists. They felt that buying his own freedom only gave credibility to the institution of slavery. But Douglass, sensing danger if he returned to America, arranged for lawyers to pay $1,250 to Thomas Auld in Maryland. Douglass returned to the United States in 1848, confident he could live in freedom. Activities In the 1850s Throughout the 1850s, when the country was being torn apart by the issue of slavery, Douglass was at the forefront of abolitionist activity. He had met John Brown, the anti-slavery fanatic, years earlier. And Brown approached Douglass and tried to recruit him for his raid on Harpers Ferry. Douglass though the plan was suicidal, and refused to participate. When Brown was captured and hanged, Douglass feared he might be implicated in the plot, and fled to Canada briefly from his home in Rochester, New York. Relationship With Abraham Lincoln During the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, Stephen Douglas taunted Abraham Lincoln with crude race-baiting, at times mentioning that Lincoln was a close friend of Frederick Douglass. In fact, at that time they had never met. When Lincoln became president, Frederick Douglass did visit him twice at the White House. At Lincolns urging, Douglass helped recruit African-Americans into the Union army. And Lincoln and Douglass obviously had a mutual respect. Douglass was in the crowd at Lincolns second inaugural, and was devastated when Lincoln was assassinated six weeks later. Frederick Douglass Following the Civil War Following the end of slavery in America, Frederick Douglass continued to be an advocate for equality. He spoke out on issues related to Reconstruction and the problems faced by newly freed slaves. In the late 1870s President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Douglass to a federal job, and he held several government posts including a diplomatic posting in Haiti. Douglass died in Washington, D.C. in 1895.

Desktop Computing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Desktop Computing - Assignment Example It also helps the smooth running of software like 3D Max and Maya extensively used for animation and modeling. Jean Jones needs to upgrade her OS from Windows XP Service Pack 2 to Win XP x64. Many might suggest Vista as a good alternative, however past records show that Vista slows Max viewport speed by a huge amount. The primary reason behind this is that Win XP takes less memory to run when Vista on the other hand takes up a lot more. Here comes the second parameter that is whether to consider 32 bit or 64 bit OS. The reason why 64 bit Win XP is being recommended to Jean Jones is that it will let her use a minimum 4GB of RAM. The basic components to look for while buying a PC for processing intensive activities are the processor, motherboard, RAM, graphics card and hard disk. For any PC to be fast, it should have a perfect combination of all these 4 components. In an unbalanced combination where one or more components are slower than the rest, then the slower components act as bottlenecks in the system, and the overall processing speed is determined by the slowest component. Hence, while identifying the configuration, it is imperative that all components are matching and high performance components. High performance components are higher priced, and hence they increase the overall cost of the PC. Given that there cannot be any compromise on performance, a high end PC can be made relatively inexpensive by cutting down on the peripheral costs. For example, by using low end casing/cabinets, speakers and data output devices like DVD combo packages, the overall prices can be kept with relatively lower budget. A processor is the 'brain' of the PC, and given other components are same, a PC with faster processor will perform faster. A quadcore, 64 bit processor, coupled with a suitably fast motherboard and 4 GB 800 MHz RAM will have sufficient computing speed to seamlessly execute the heaviest designing applications. (Ciao Shopping Intelligence, 2007A) While quad core processors give enormous processing speed, they are also highly expensive. Commercially available computers generally tend have

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis Essay

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis - Essay Example The researchers examine and evaluate current literature and come to conclusion that the question of women compensation at work and safety issues is not examined yet. There is no substantial analysis of this system and its impact on organizational performance and women employees. The researchers claim that the current system of compensation is ineffective and does not benefit employees and employers. To verify their hypothesis, Calvey and Jansz use a phenomenological research approach. They explain that "the purpose of phenomenological reflection is to try to grasp the essential meaning of something Insight into the essence of a phenomenon involves a process of reflectively appropriating, of clarifying, and of making explicit the structure of meaning of the lived experience" (Van Manen, 1990: 77-78, cited Calvey, Jansz, 2005, p. 285). The hypothesis statement helps the researchers to identify the area of research and construct it in accordance with their hypothesis. Also, the hypothesis statement helps to avoid ambiguity during analysis of the results. In this article, the hypothesis statement is used to predict the conditions of compensation system and outcomes are most likely to occur.

The Myth and Reality of the American West Essay Example for Free

The Myth and Reality of the American West Essay We have all heard the stories about the old west. There are the infamous gunfights, the cowboys that steal all of the women’s hearts, and the many stagecoach robberies. But how can we tell fact from fiction? Where is the line drawn between the reality of the American west and the myth portrayed in the numerous books and movies? Everything may not have been as adventurous as we believe, or as glamorous. But the real question is: what is true and what is not? ​It is shocking how many misconceptions are made about the old west. I for one, definitely picture what most people probably do. Cowboys are always the first that come to mind. Everyone loved a rustic, rugged, handsome cowboy. They saved the day on all occasions a nd at the end of the day, went and swept the woman off her feet and they rode off into the sunset on horseback together. The cowboys were the â€Å"good guys† who wore the cowboy hat and boots and fought the â€Å"bad guys† in gunfights right outside of the bat-wing door saloons. A mental picture is drawn of two men with their backs to each other taking ten paces in opposite direction, only to draw guns and fight â€Å"fairly† after turning around. Cowboys were the ultimate white, southern gentlemen who always won the lady’s heart. There are, of course, many other myths about the old west. For instance, the legal system; there is the town sheriff with the star badge and uniform worn at all times, who just happens to show up whenever there is trouble. The sheriff settles disputes that break out amongst townspeople and always makes the right decision, in putting the bad guy in jail to bring the ever-so unpredictable outcome of a â€Å"happy ending†. ​ The popular song, â€Å"Cowboy Take Me Away† by the country music group the Dixie Chicks, reinforces almost all concepts of the myth of the American west. The chorus is: â€Å"Cowboy take me away. Fly this girl as high as you can into the wild blue. Set me free oh I pray. Closer to heaven above and closer to you, closer to you.† This is a prime example of the misconstrued ideas about the west. This verse portrays exactly what every naà ¯ve person believes about this subject. The handsome cowboy comes to take you away to a place where you can forget all cares and troubles you have. He has come to carry you off into the sunset where the two of you will live together where only love and happiness matters. Living the simple life with the man of her dreams, who will treat her with respect and love her unconditionally, is the fantasy of every woman. The entire song portrays the beauty and simplicity of nature and life in the west, where the hustle and bustle of everyday life , elsewhere, doesn’t exist. Who wouldn’t want that? If it only existed†¦ What is the reality of the American west? Well contrary to popular belief, cowboys weren’t actually the heroes. Cowboys were of all races and were mostly poor farm boys. Cowboys were just what the name states which is, males who raised and herded cattle for a living. Most women fell for the wealthy men of a higher class than for mere â€Å"farm boys†. The west wasn’t peaceful, pleasant place that most people picture it as, except for the occasional bad guy. There were many problems in the west including lack of good food, lack of money, constant fighting with Indians over territory, and increasing violence (this was especially true when saloons, brothels, and gambling dens began to open). Another misconception of this time was that of the legal system. In all actuality there was not one at all. It wasn’t until much later, after problems increased even more, that a so called legal system was developed. This was the miners’ courts. Miners in the area served on a jury and settled disputes in that way. This was a very inefficient system, because the miners favored the powerful, popular, and wealthy. The poor, weak, and unpopular were often charged with crimes they didn’t commit. Hollywood has come up with many different ways to make the old west seem so exciting and adventurous. Whether it’s through a song, an old movie, or a fictional book, the myth of the American west comes across as the truth for most people. The truth is never as interesting, so we depend on made up stories to entertain us.

A Formalist Approach to Eavan Boland’s The River :: Boland River Essays

A Formalist Approach to Eavan Boland’s The River Over the years many different ways of analyzing poetry have been developed. One such approach is the â€Å"New Critical,† or the â€Å"Formalist,† which is based on the writings of Coleridge. The formalist approach is useful because it takes the poem’s form, which may be overlooked, and analyzes it to see what its effect is on the meaning of the poem. There are other aspects taken into consideration, like who the speaker is and how the author incorporates â€Å"ironic awareness† into the poem. Eavan Boland’s message in â€Å"The River† comes across best when looking at the poem with the formalist approach, taking into consideration the speaker and the speaker’s situation, the organic form, and the use of irony. Some aspects may have more importance than others, but all need to be looked at, beginning with the speaker. Using the hints within the poem, I see the speaker as possibly being an adult writing or talking to a parent or some unspecified figure about her early childhood. The speaker could be looking back at a time when someone took her to a river, and she is reporting what she saw. There is textual evidence to support all of these claims. The possibility the speaker is looking back at a childhood experience is shown when she writes, I remember how strange it felt- not having any names for the red oak and the rail and the slantways plunge of the osprey. (6-12) I see the speaker as possibly being a child because the speaker remembers not knowing the actual names of what she saw. A young child wouldn’t know â€Å"rail† or the osprey’s dive, probably using a word such as â€Å"birdie.† The other choice for the speaker is an adult, who is speaking about a time spent at a river in a foreign land. This is the choice I see as most likely possible because the speaker says it feels strange to not know the names, yet as a child I never felt odd because I didn’t know a type of bird.

Intercultural communication Essay

Prejudice The purpose of this paper is to discuss the idea that ‘prejudice can never be eliminated because it is so deeply rooted in human nature. ’ This idea seems to be accurate when reflecting on daily events, which occur in society. Most people believe that they are not prejudiced against others, but more often than not, they are prejudiced even when they are not aware of that fact. For example, it is a known fact within the criminal justice system, that members of ethic minority groups are found guilty more often in cases where there is insufficient evidence. This situation is extremely common especially when the jury is composed of Caucasians. â€Å"More diverse juries, specifically ones that include black and white members, are more likely to share information, make fewer errors in evaluating the facts, and perhaps reach fairer verdicts than all-white juries,† (MacGregor, 2006). Moreover, ethnic minorities receive longer prison sentences that Caucasians for the same criminal offenses. It is human nature to sympathize more with people who are similar to us and to give them the benefit of the doubt. However, when dealing with people who are completely different from us we are more likely to discriminate, subconsciously and sometimes consciously. â€Å"Ordinary racism is very hard to see if you are white,† (Blee, 2003). In general, America is an ethnocentric country. When Americans travel all around the world, we will notice that in most countries the people speak several languages and learning different languages is something to be proud of. However, in America, we do not want to accept other languages into the American culture. We think that the English language is somehow superior and believe that the rest of the world should try to learn ‘our’ language. Even when we do business globally, we expect our global business partners to speak English while we make no effort to learn their languages. We make comments such as ‘they drive on the wrong side of the street’. How is it that they are wrong and we are correct? We express disgust when we hear that some countries in Asia eat ‘dogs. ’ We do not realize that some cultures in Asia are disgusted with Americans because we eat ‘cows. ’ Who decided that dogs are superior to cows? Ethnocentrism often leads to danger. We misunderstand others because we can only see the world through our eyes, and we fail to realize that the problem is not the other culture. â€Å"The problem is that we do not understand and we don’t know that we don’t understand,† (Barger, 2004). I believe that the best way to lessen the negative effects prejudice is through education and personal experiences. We need to learn more about different ethnic groups, other countries and foreign languages. The most effective way is to travel to different countries. If this is not possible, we can begin by making friends with people from different cultural backgrounds and make an effort to understand their views of the world. We are becoming a global society, and in the future we will be forced to learn more about other cultures. We may even be required to learn other languages. I believe that people are more alike than different. Everyone has something in common with someone from a different ethnic group. We should make a connection. This will lead to a better understanding of others and ourselves. This will also help to reduce prejudice. References Barger, K. (2004). Ethnocentrism. What is it? Why are People Ethnocentric? What is the Problem? What Can We do About it? Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://www. iupui. edu/~anthkb/ethnocen. htm Blee, K. (2003). In C. Gill Created Equal. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://www. umc. pitt. edu/PITTMAG/summer2003/feature1. html MacGregor, H. (2006). When Diversity Adds Fairness. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://ase. tufts. edu/psychology/sommerslab/LATimes. html.

Negotiation Strategy Analysis

The first article is retrieved from Bloomberg. com â€Å"Saudi Oil Tanker Owners in Negotiations with Pirates† where the Saudi Arabian supertanker hijacked off the coast of Somalia. The supertanker belongs to Saudi Arabia's state-owned shipping line, Vela International Marine Ltd. The negotiation is between the pirates that have captured the Sirius Star and the owners of the Saudi Arabian supertanker. The pirates have the advantage in the negotiation because they have the 25 crew with different nationalities as hostage, and the tanker carrying more than 2 million barrels of crude oil worth $110 million. Saudi Arabia is unlikely considering an armed response because it may endanger the crew, and would require a great deal of international agreement and cooperation. The ship is carrying Liberian flag, owned by a Saudi company, in Somali waters, with so many nationalities onboard. The owners have to pay ransom money for the safe delivery of the supertanker. The hijackers can actually force the owners into paying large ransom money (Alexander, & Krause, November 19, 2008). The second article is retrieved from the Eagle Tribune: â€Å"Fate of Detroit's Big 3 will trickle down locally†, where the CEO's of the big three automakers, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler have united to lobby Congress for a 25 billion loan. The negotiation is between the big three automaker companies and the government. The arguments is if their companies goes under, and one of them declared bankruptcy, an estimates of as high as 2. 5 million U. S jobs losses and more than 730,000 workers will be unemployed. This is a pressure tactic utilized to force the government to give the $25 billion loan (Kirk, November 26, 2008). The two negotiation articles describe a negotiation situation that employs different negotiation strategies. The first article, the pirates uses distributive bargaining strategy which is characterized by mistrust and suspicion, designed to beat the other party (Lewicki, Saunders, & Barry, 2006). The pirates have the advantage over the owner by intimidating or threatening to eradicate the crew and the supertanker. While on the other hand, the three car automakers and the government uses integrative negotiation strategy which is characterized by openness and trust, designed to achieve the best possible solution for all parties involve (Lewicki, Saunders, & Barry, 2006). The US government cannot be forced to provide a loan to the three auto companies, the only possible way to persuade them of giving $25 billion dollars to the three automakers is the possibility of loss of millions of jobs and the increase of unemployment in the event the automakers goes under or declared bankruptcy. The comparison between the two situations is both negotiation disputes are used to influence the other party to part with money. The first scenario is the owners of the supertanker, and the US government on the second scenario. In both scenarios, the stand taken by the negotiators is â€Å"pay or otherwise†. Each situation involved, terms, counter offers, and demands placed by the parties from which the payment is claimed.

Cherokee Tribes essays

Cherokee Tribes essays The Cherokee Indians were one of the civilized tribes in the United States. They were located in the southeastern part of the U.S. This includes the western parts of North and South Carolina, The northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, Southwest Virginia and the Cumberland basin of Tennessee. It appears the Cherokee settled in 1000 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Their development took place in to stages or phases. The Pisgah which took place 1300 A.D. to 1540 A.D. and the Qualla which took place 1540 A.D. to 1750 A.D. The first period was primitive and the second was influenced by European contact. They were a large tribe that was part of the Iroquian language group even though their language is very different. Despite this the Cherokee developed written language due to contact with the white men. They were very interested in learning the white men ways. Although there is a lot written about the Cherokee and Europeans, the focus here will be Cherokee life including daily life, marriage, governmen t, and war. Cherokee villages consisted of groups of relatives that included members of at least four clans. They grew crops outside their villages. There were also some fields inside the villages. Each family had a marked section of the field. Both men and women helped in farming every section. As with many tribes the men were responsible for hunting, fishing, building houses and council lodges, made important decisions, performed religious ceremonies, trained young boys and defended the village. The Cherokee women were responsible for the home, raising the children, helping in the fields, preparing and gathering food, washing and making clothes, and making baskets and pottery. Even though The Cherokee were a matrilineal society only certain women were allowed to have input in council decisions. The Cherokee had many rules and regulations to live by and since they have a strong sense of tradition these rules were not challenged until they came into c...

4 Publications of the Harlem Renaissance

4 Publications of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was actually a cultural phenomenon that began in 1917 with the publication of Jean Toomers Cane. The artistic movement ended in  1937 with the publication of Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. For twenty years, Harlem Renaissance writers and artists explored themes such as assimilation, alienation, racism, and pride through the creation of novels, essays, plays, poetry, sculpture, paintings, and photography. These writers and artists would not have been able to launch their careers without having their work seen by the masses. Four notable publications- The Crisis, Opportunity, The Messenger and Marcus Garveys Negro World printed the work of many African-American artists and writers-helping the Harlem Renaissance become the artistic movement that made it possible for African-Americans to develop an authentic voice in American society. The Crisis Established in 1910 as the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The Crisis was the preeminent social and political magazine for African-Americans. With W. E. B. Du Bois as its editor, the publication stuck by its subtitle: A Record of the Darker Races by devoting its pages to events such as the Great Migration. By 1919, the magazine had an estimated monthly circulation of 100,000. That same year, Du Bois hired Jessie Redmon Fauset as literary editor of the publication. For the next eight years, Fauset devoted her efforts to promoting the work of African-American writers such as Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Nella Larsen. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life As the official magazine of the National Urban League (NUL), the mission of the publication was to lay bare Negro life as it is. Launched in 1923, editor Charles Spurgeon Johnson began the publication by publishing research findings and essays. By 1925, Johnson was publishing literary works of young artists such as Zora Neale Hurston. That same year, Johnson organized a literary contestthe winners were Hurston, Hughes, and Cullen. In 1927, Johnson anthologized the best pieces of writing published in the magazine. The collection was entitled Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea and featured the work of members of the Harlem Renaissance. The Messenger The politically radical publication was established by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen in 1917. Originally, Owen and Randolph were hired to edit a publication entitled Hotel Messenger by African-American hotel workers. However, when the two editors wrote a blaring article that exposed union officials of corruption, the paper ceased printing. Owen and Randolph quickly rebounded and established the journal The Messenger. Its agenda was socialist and its pages included a combination of news events, political commentary, book reviews, profiles of important figures and other items of interest. In response to the Red Summer of 1919, Owen and Randolph reprinted the poem If We Must Die written by Claude McKay. Other writers such as Roy Wilkins, E. Franklin Frazier, and George Schuyler also published work in this publication. The monthly publication stopped printing in 1928.   The Negro World Published by the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), The Negro World had a circulation of more than 200,000 readers. The weekly newspaper was published in English, Spanish, and French. The newspaper was dispersed throughout the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean. Its publisher and editor, Marcus Garvey, used the pages of the newspaper to preserve the term Negro for the race as against the desperate desire of other newspapermen to substitute the term colored for the race. Every week, Garvey provided readers with a front-page editorial concerning the plight of people in the African Diaspora. Garveys wife, Amy, served as an editor as well and managed the Our Women and What They Think page in the weekly news publication. In addition, The Negro World included poetry and essays that would interest people of African descent throughout the world. Following Garveys deportation in 1933, The Negro World  stopped printing.

Development of a Dispatch System for Fire Brigade Essay

Development of a Dispatch System for Fire Brigade - Essay Example Moving on, the application design should have the same data formatting as the platform on which it runs. Issues specific to fire fighting dispatch systems A global dispatch software solution for fire brigade needs to consider several aspects. For instance, it needs to incorporate mobile computing, which will enable actual fire brigadiers to access the same incident information as is available to operators. Additionally, mobile computing should allow for automatically updating incident activity logs and status reports through a secure source. It is critical to reduce response time rates to the minimum in life-death situations such as fire hazards (Walz, Krumperman and Zigmon 245). Moreover, an element of interoperability should be introduced in the global version of dispatch system. It is integral for a global dispatch software solution to offer data-sharing capabilities amongst multiple agencies across widespread jurisdictions. The introduction of interoperability will be beneficial in a variety of ways. For instance, it will help in improving situational knowledge, incident planning, and greatly reduce response time rate (Brennan and Krohmer 80). This will also improve the extensive interface facilities in the overall despatch software. Lastly, the global fire brigade despatch system should contain reporting and analytical capabilities. This will allow public safety organizations all over the globe to more effectively manage the plethora of valuable information generated daily. This aspect should be specifically tailored in consideration of the requirements of local fire brigades in order to aid in more effective decision-making. Changes in the software development process of the company For developing successful international software, aspects that... This essay stresses that system information will be crucial in the success of a globalized dispatch fire brigade system. This is because system information contained in processes make up an application, system information files, or system servers. The sharing factor will allow fire brigades globally to fulfill their reporting and analytical responsibilities. Moreover, the operating system of this internationalized dispatch software should support universal coordinated time. Graphical terms and symbols used for denoting particular system components need to be localized to aid understanding. The internationalized software should also disallow inputting prohibited or problematic characters in naming files or directories. data exchange should be modified to facilitate the transfer of information across globe as quickly as possible. This will aid in identifying the nearest fire brigade to the accident scene and simultaneously equip those fire fighters with the same information as the loca l operator. This paper makes a conclusion that the development of internationalized software for fire brigades will enable response teams to identify easily the geographical locations of the accidents, nearest response vehicles by providing first responders with the same incident information as dispatchers. Thus, this software will not only escalate the performance of response teams, but also more importantly, save more lives and properties all around the globe.

The importance of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of education - Essay Example The experiences of my life have made me understand the importance of the value of availing the right opportunities at the right time. They have made me realize the importance of education and career in the life of an individual. I did not value the importance of education when I was young and I wasted many important years of my life but with time and age I realized the importance of succeeding in education for the purpose of attaining a secure and bright future. My parents recall that ever since I was a young child, I was very bright and naughty. I used to hide things and throw them just for the purpose of annoying others. After I joined school, I made friends and they were as careless as I was with my studies. I was complained for regularly by the school authorities owing to my mischievous conduct at school. But these complaints did not alter my behavior and habits and I stayed the same. Thus, in grade one I was held back. This did not lead to any improvement. I continued my educati on and I still remember that all my teachers used to tell my parents that I was a very difficult child.

Reasons for Choosing to Become a WGU Student Essay

Reasons for Choosing to Become a WGU Student - Essay Example Not only I worked intensely, but I also had to pay the bills and take all kinds of loads an independent man does. I conducted a thorough research and found that no college’s classes matched my schedule. I had to leave the work in order to pursue further education, which was clearly not a practicable option for me. Therefore, I started searching for courses in online education. Distance education was increasingly being adopted as a way to advance the academic career. I also thought about doing the same, though I had mixed feelings about it. I knew it would allow me to acquire a bachelors degree as I felt convenient, but doubted whether such a degree would be valued by the employers. Besides, choosing the best online university from among a myriad of options was another challenge confronting me. I started browsing ads online and checking people’s opinions and suggestions both online and otherwise. My research led me to the conclusion that most of the online universities l acked regional accreditation, were quite expensive for the students and their graduates were still not liked at large. Finally, a friend of mine suggested me to search about the Western Governors University (WGU), saying that WGU was not only accredited regionally, but was also quite affordable and suitable for me considering the situation I was in. Initially I took it as a regular advice and didn’t expect much. But as I conducted a little research, I happened to find that the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities had accredited WGU, which was itself accredited by CHEA. A number of other schools were accredited by the same organization. Such schools included but were not limited to Brigham Young, Lewis & Clark, and the University of Oregon. While reviewing the bachelor’s degree in IT at WGU, I found that WGU offered nine certifications many of which were more than sufficient for an individual to acquire a high-paying job of a technician in my area. As my fr iend had said, WGU was really affordable. All I had to pay was $5780 a year in two installations, each of which was for six months. Therefore, WGU not only provided me with a way to attend the school as per my convenience, but also have more time for leisure activities as it saved me a lot of money that would otherwise have been consumed in paying the fee of another school. The most fascinating characteristic feature of WGU was that it offered classes at 3am, unlike any brick and mortar school I knew. Message for my friend Just like one very sincere friend of mine solved this issue for me, I would like to introduce WGU to you so that the positive message is spread and more and more people can benefit from the tremendous opportunities WGU has to offer. If you are looking for a reputable degree from a regionally accredited school, and also want to continue your full time job with it without having to bear too large a cost in the name of fee, WGU is one school that can provide you with all of these. By recommending you WGU, I am saving you all the headache and waste of time that I had incurred while searching for a good school. I assure you that you will not regret to choose to study in WGU. You may look for the kind of certificates WGU issues in the discipline of your interest and see if they suffice the requirements for job eligibility in your area, which they most probably would! It is a complete package for the ones looking for a practicable option to advance their career

History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision

History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Leisure can be defined as the process whereby everyone gets freedom from lengthy duties and everyday jobs. Roberts describes leisure as the relatively freely chosen non-work area of life. This shows that leisure can be done anytime or when the body call for it. The demand of recreation is constantly increasing, therefore leisure providers try to do as much as possible to attract people and make all kinds of profit in all the ways they can. The leisure provision can be divided into two sectors: first one is public which is provided by the government. Torkildsen (2005, p.131) describes it as provided by a public authority or by legislation for the general use of public. The second one is commercial sector, presented by private industries that are willing to give luxury leisure in return for money. However, their aim is to gain financial profit and an adequate return of investment Tordkilsen (2005, p.193). As we have been asked to write about leisure providers in this essay we will be looking through the history of the two sectors that are involved in the topic, by discussing the different types of organizations within them and saying who benefits from it by trying to explain why these sectors run leisure facilities. History of public and commercial leisure provision Leisure existed during ancient period as part of everyday life. As soon as it attracted more people, different providers of amusement have emerged. First signs of this division are dated on 18th century. In this period aristocracy provided exclusive sport like fox-hunting, horse-racing, shooting, to those who were socially qualified Cunningham (1980, p.17). In other words, it was for wealthy people that often possessed a land. In these circumstances gentlemen (people from middle class) and also gentry (those who had independent income but no land) created their own clubs and often met in assembly rooms. Taverns and public houses provided leisure for labourers, small manufacturers and poor people. Among them the most favourite amusements were dog-fights, cock-fights or bull-beatings. The second half of 18th century to 19th has brought significant social and industrial changes, which also had an impact on leisure provision. During this time people were moving from villages and small towns to cities. It caused overcrowding, increase of crime, poverty and longer hours of work. People could not enjoy leisure and space as they used to do. The most common behaviours were drinking and gambling. That is why important reforms had to take place. The 19th century has changed peoples thinking about what the leisure really was. Reformers were deeply concerned about three different aspects which include welfare of children, urban life with no opportunity for healthy exercise and recreation and encouraging governments to act against social injustice and hardship of masses. As a result of that improvement, government has created Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937, which enabled people access to the leisure facilities. Employers recognized the importance of providing leisu re to their employees and they started to create social and sports clubs in order to fulfil their needs. In 20th century also people from working class started to demand leisure. Public baths, houses and music halls became available not only for wealthy people, but also for those poorer. Leisure gained more recognition after the introduction of cinema, spectator sports and television, which came ultimately as a result of two World Wars. Finally, in 1960 the actual picture of leisure was developed as we know it today. Different organizations within public and commercial sector In current times, we can see clear division of leisure providers. The sectors we will be discussing are public sector and commercial one as a part of the private sector. Both sectors provides leisure and recreation facilities in a wide range. Public sector organizations are those owned by the government. This can be national government or local government Tribe, J. (2005, p.26) Source: Adapted from Tribe J., (2005, p.25) Facilities which are provided by public sector are accessible to us in two different ways. First, is an access without any fee. Examples of them are urban parks, playgrounds, libraries, picnic areas, nature trails, beaches and country parks. They are supported with rates and taxes we pay to concerned authorities. The other way of getting those services is to pay in order to use them. These facilities include swimming pools, playing fields, golf courses, marinas, arts centres, theatres and sports centres. If the leisure is not provided by local authorities, it may include difficulties in affording those facilities. Young people would not have an access to their culture and usage of open land for other purposes like supermarkets and car parks etc. That is why central government provides leisure open for general use. This governing body is responsible for making decisions on major policy and establishes the way in which local government can act. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister is a link between Local and Central governments. Therefore, it has significant influence on leisure itself. For instance, the ODPM is responsible for planning improvements such as increasing standards of leisure facilities. Another important department in central government is DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport). This department has a responsibility of providing policy on: The Arts, sport, The National Lottery, libraries, museums and galleries, broadcasting, film, press freedom and regulation, The Historic Environment and tourism. Another sector, which is engaged in providing leisure, is private sector. Although it is divided for voluntary, which is non-profit making and commercial, our case of study will be only the commercial part of it. Private sector organizations are those which are non-government-owned. They can be further sub-divided into profit-making organizations and non-profit-making organizations Tribe, J. (2005, p.26) Source: Adapted from Tribe J., (2005, p.25) Commercial sector is a part of private sector which does not include voluntary organizations. Their activity is mainly directed to make financial profit from users of those services. They try to meet the demand of consumers but it is very hard to do it on current market. The main purpose of commercial sector is to achieve a financial profit or adequate return of investment. It does not exclude benefit in other sectors, but their predominant aims are different. Examples of commercial market are sport clubs, squash clubs, bowling, themed restaurants, amusement parks, holiday camps or cinemas. Commercial organizations do not have an intrinsic interest in leisure and recreation, in and of itself, but in leisure as a source of profit Torkildsen, G. (2004, p. 249) There is a correlation between both sectors mentioned above. When commercial sector creates new market, it tries to reach the highest level of productivity. After that, when they have to invest more money again, it is more beneficial for them to create a new market rather than invest outlay on the previous one. In these circumstances commercial sector puts strain on public sector, because the demand has been created already. If commercial sector do not want to work on it any longer, public sector is expected to do it. Commercial sector is often run by entrepreneurs. There are thousands of businesses involved in commercial sector, but they have been taken over by multinational companies. As a result of this the choices of products that are sold in the market are limited. In order to reduce risk factor in current economic recession period, business people have to sell the businesses in which they may not be good but concentrate on a vertical supply chain. Both sectors have to attract potential clients or lose profit. In the past both sectors dealt with different activities of their own range, but now they have been overlapped in most part of their business. Who benefits Leisure is something that people indulge in their everyday life; according to Doggett and OMahoney (1991, p.23) it is important because it enhances the quality of life in society. Leisure is an activity that can take place anywhere. Roberts (1978, p.125) says individuals can use their leisure for recreation. Alternatively, however, they can spend their time and money in their families, on their homes, in education and other mainstream institutions. Elaborating on this, it shows that people can choose whatever way they wanted to spend their leisure time without being disturbed. The two types of sectors we have, public and commercial, exist to give entertainment to local communities. But although they have the same assumption, they both offer various kinds of amusement (as mentioned above) and both give benefit in their own different ways. Commercial providers invest in and manage public sector facilities; the public sector offers high quality health and fitness opportunities, which have traditionally been offered by the commercial sector, while the voluntary and commercial sector are beginning to establish partnerships primarily for the benefit of customers of commercial facilities The Higher Education Academy (2005) [Online]. Still, it is mostly the people in the leisure industry that benefit the most, especially within the commercial sector, which is a dominant one in United Kingdom, as they provide leisure and service in return of money. Commercial sector is directed towards two groups of customers: those with disposable income and tourist. They as the wealthy people are able to make bigger profit for the company. This sector only give discounts or buy a package and get the other free or half price. It is a completely profit orientated part of leisure industry. However, most customers get refund, if they did not enjoy the leisure that was provided for them by the companies. On the other hand, it gives a lot of opportunities as far as employment is concerned, this sector delivers it. Moreover, it revenues income from abroad and drives development within the country. Practical advice for business [Online]. Public sector is provided by the government and local authorities in order to give equality to people, to make leisure accessible for those, who cannot afford it it raises the quality of life. Among leisure there are many sports facilities which help its users to stay healthy and fit, for example by tackling obesity. Public sector is also responsible for enabling the disabled access to these facilities. What is more, it supplies several kinds of discounts for various kinds of people. One of them is free theatre entry for people under 26 years, to encourage them to use that leisure facility and to make them more familiar to the culture. Also the elderly (over 75) have a cheaper access to many services. There are many local societies within this sector, like Woodhouse Road Family Life Centre for example, which is a group that brings together older people from the local community The Higher Education Academy (2005) [Online]. Older people can attend the meetings to have fun and remain a ctive and sociable The Higher Education Academy (2005) [Online]. So, in public sector it is not only about various facilities, sometimes just mutual support is enough. It is directed toward socially excluded people people are out of work, with low income and ethnic and disabled communities. Generally, this sector is responsible for providing leisure to everybody for free, so every participant is the one who receives a benefit. There is also a lot of support from European Union. Governments can get grants to make an improvement within their countries and local authorities are also able to develop leisure facilities within the cities. This makes citizens proud of the place they live; they have more places to go to and to entertain themselves. Such actions decrease hooliganism by reducing anti social behaviour and attract tourist and event co-ordinations. Specific reasons why public and commercial sector run leisure facilities Local authorities and societies play essential role in providing, supporting and developing leisure and sports opportunities. As local authority have different types of health services such as free consultancy and distribution of drugs (medicine) to the people in need. However local authority is the important part of a borough that keeps in touch with leisure and recreational activities. They are responsible for scheduling new improvement for protecting the environment and for improving the quality of life through local transport initiatives or better green spaces. In sort, local authorities have a significant direct impact on the success of communities. Public sectors really help to developed new supports to the people such as best athletic development and provide funding for developing new sport policies. Sports and recreational conveniences are offered by together private and public sectors. Mostly health centres and fitness clubs are organized by local authorities in the local areas. According to visitor survey by Tourism South East 2004/05 Leisure and Recreation [Online] in England about 13.5 million tourists visited The National Park. The National Park provides a most popular entertaining resource for the visitors living within and around the area, and also attracts several tourist from corner to corner of southern England and on a national scale as well. New developments within leisure also have positive impact of other ways; Leisure and recreation contributes can change the image of a city and lead to increased private savings. The main reason behind the existence of commercial sector is to make a profit. Commercial sector is responsible for delivering quality services for the people with disposable income. Also the particular facilities like swimming pools, which require a lot of maintenance, are only provided by commercial sector. The reason for the provision of swimming pools by commercial sector is that they have got sufficient amount of money for the maintenance work. As the competition is inevitable in this sector so they are concentrating more on the quality of services. These sectors run leisure services because off several reasons such as creating awareness and keeping society healthy. According to Miller the globalization of sport has also created hyper-competitive worldwide surroundings where many nations try to find their moment of fame on the world sport stage. Hoye et al, (2009, p.17). It is important that local communities have access to range of entertainment, arts, sports and recreational facilities for enjoyment. Local councils provide wide range of leisure and sports services including sports pitches, playing fields and playgrounds. Local authorities provide public parks and open spaces for older citizen and people in need. Arts centres venues and theatres, galleries and museums are also run by local communities. Local authorities also conduct various festivals, sporting and culture events. Providing leisure amenities from local establishment are very beneficial for native people. As local authorities have variety of entertainment and rel axation activities. People can find all facilities easily and cheaper then managing on themselves. Local authorities will motivate people towards healthy life style, by investing more money in sport and leisure facilities. Local authorities always have great emphasizes on promoting leisure and sports in the local areas. Conclusions After all of our considerations about the given topic, we came to the following conclusions. Leisure is not a new phenomenon; it has been existing as a part and parcel of our lives since ancient times. There is a wide range of different organizations dealing with the provision of leisure and recreation facilities. The services provided by local authorities are easily accessible to each class of community. On the other hand, leisure facilities provided by commercial sector are for those people, who have disposable income. The services provided by both sectors constitute to the high quality of life and nations health. It is beneficial to invest in both sectors as they are growing dramatically and the needs and demands of the people would be lasting in coming future. From the Travel and Tourism point of view, we can say that, tourists are able to use only a few services, provided by local authorities or voluntary sector, but they can use all the facilities provided by commercial sector as every facility is available to them after payment. As far as Events opinion is concerned, the situation here looks similar to the one above. People participating in events can enjoy those provided by both public and commercial sector equally, even if they are not citizens of given place.