Effect of Positive Emotions Induced by Music

Effect of Positive Emotions Induced by Music Do positive emotions induced by music broaden thought-action repertoires? Music has the potential to communicate emotions, and this presence can be considered to be part of our everyday experience. Music psychologist believes that it has the capability to invoke specific emotions when listeners tune in to a specific type of music. For example, a faster toned and pitch music will indicate a lighter and happier mood, whereas a slow tone and pitch will indicate a sad emotion. On the scale of mood, Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions builds up our thought-action repertoire, explains that we should harness positive emotions into our daily lives in effort to enhance our coping skills. The fusion of music with the broaden-and-build theory is an attempt to prove that positive emotions do indeed broaden our momentary thought-action repertoire as proven in Fredrickson’s theory, but on a different scale. Such fusion can be proven to be worth of research as music exists in our everyday lives and if we incorporate and fo ster positive emotions into individual’s daily lives, most, if not everyone, would have increased thought-action repertoire, which would then lead to better coping skills in situations. The broaden-and-build theory suggests the function of a subset of positive emotions such as joy, love and contentment. Fredrickson (2004) proposed that positive emotions produce optimal functioning over time, which includes psychological well-being, as well as physical well-being. These positive emotions, where individuals experience joy, which in turn creates the urge to play, or interactions with a stranger which will in turn create a supportive relationship, will broaden an individual’s thought-action repertoire. This broaden mindset is in contrast with negative emotions, where it prompts immediate and narrow action tendencies such as fight or flight. Fredrickson also proposed that with broadening of an individual’s thought-action repertoire, it would in turn create and build into the individual’s personal resources, and these personal resources are thought to be long term which can help individuals cope with situations in future. For the support of her theori es, Fredrickson reviewed some of other researchers who worked on the effects of positive affect and cognition and pointed out that Kahn and Isen (1993) found that individuals experiencing positive affect report having increased preference for variety and accept a broader array of behavioural options. Subsequently, Ashby, Isen, and Turken (1999) found that positive affect produces effects linked to increases in brain dopamine levels, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, which are thought to underlie better cognitive performance. However, Isen’s work did not target specific positive emotions or thought-action repertoires per se, but it provides the strongest evidence that positive affect broadens cognition. As Fredrickson builds up on her theory which eventually became the broaden-and-build theory, Fredrickson and Joiner (2002) propose that positive emotions will elicit an upward spiral in the direction of enhanced emotional well-being. They assessed their prediction by testing whether positive affect and broad-minded coping reciprocally and prospectively predict one another. They made a conclusion that positive affect from a particular time will lead to enhancement of broad-minded coping at a later stipulated timing, and vice versa. It was also mentioned that positive affect at one particular time is able to predict the positive affect at a later time when changes in the broad-minded coping were controlled, and vice versa. Hence, it can be said that from this particular review, it has been found that positive affect and broad-minded coping are correlated and they mutually build on one another. However, later studies done by researchers such as Nickerson (2007) suggested that Fredrickso n and Joiner (2002)’s analysis tested within-occasion, across persons hypotheses, which are incoherent with Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory of emotions that is within person, across occasions. Nickerson changed their hypotheses so that the edited hypotheses would align with the broaden-and-build theory, in which Fredrickson subsequently tested the momentary broaden hypothesis, in which the efficacy was proven. Fredrickson (2005) made use of a Twenty Statement Test as a measure of thought-action repertoire when her participants were randomly assigned and exposed to videos which will induce a specific emotion. For example, participant A would be exposed to a video of some penguins, which would supposedly elicit the amusement emotion. The participant would then be required to fill in the Twenty Statement Test in which a higher number of statements filled in would indicate a larger thought-action repertoire, and this finding was consistent with their hypotheses. On another scale, Fredrickson conducted a qualitative analysis using the same data collected, and classified the responses collected from the participants into some categories. They found similar findings, for example, participants who viewed the amusement video are reported to have more frequent urges to play, have positive feelings or thoughts, and fewer urges to sleep or rest. Thus, the data presented by Fredrickson support 2 central aspects of the broaden hypothesis positive emotion broadens thought-action repertoires, as well as broadening effects emerge for 2 distinct types of positive emotion, namely amusement and contentment. Music can be thought to be a powerful tool in inducing specific mood states (Marin and Bhattacharya, 2010), and these moods refer to the states which feature a lower intensity than emotions, and this state tend to last much longer than emotions; these emotions denote the affective response that generally encompass some subcomponents – action tendency, as well as regulation. Although it is believed that there could be some correspondence between music induced emotion and mood, the two distinctions can be said as: music induced emotions are short lived, whereas music induced mood generally last longer. Various psychophysiological and psychological experiments such as emotion perception to emotion experiences have been proven by Thomas Baumgartner, Michaela Esslen, Lutz Ja ¨ncke (2006), where it was elucidated by their psychometric results that emotions can be evoked by pictures and classical music. There are a large number of empirical studies that reveal systematic relationsh ips between musical structures and emotional responses (Gabrielsson Lindstro ¨m, 2010). Lundqvist, Carlsson, Hilmersson and Juslin (2009) concluded in their study that self-composed music is effective in inducing specific emotions. For example, they explained that for a happy emotion to be induced, the happy music needs to feature fast tempo, high sound level, and major mode, while the sad music featuring slow tempo, low sound level, and minor mode. This was also proven in their research, as well as previous works, which gives the conclusion that music is able to produce specific emotions without contamination. Hence, it is of interest to study the interaction between how music is capable of inducing the emotions as required, and how the induced emotion can help in enhancing an individual’s coping skills, as well as building up their personal resources. The nature of the study is discovering whether positive emotions induced by music will broaden thought-action repertoire in a sample of Singaporean participants. The rationale of the hypothesis is to find out if the differences of cultures may pose a significant contributor to the difference in thought-action repertoire. Secondly, inspection can be done to see if cross-cultural differences may produce different results as compared to what Fredrickson originally done in her study, and lastly, findings may have possible implications of music to enhance psychological and physical well-being. Thus, the first hypothesis is that positive emotions will broaden momentary thought-action repertoire. Secondly, the emotion experienced in amusement will broaden momentary thought-action repertoire to a greater extent when compared to contentment. The third hypothesis is that negative emotions will narrow thought-action repertoire, and the last hypothesis is that object-focused negative emotions (e .g. anger) will narrow momentary thought-action repertoire to a greater extent when compared to object-less negative emotions (e.g. anxiety). This study is considered to be an advance over previous works; in the original broaden-and-build theory, Fredrickson made use of videos to induce emotions, and for modifications, the new experiment will use audio materials, which consists of self-composed audio clips; the rationale here is to identify if the usage of video and music clips will yield the same kind of findings. Additionally, two additional steps will be administered; before starting the experiment (measuring skin conductance level), and at the end of the experiment (performing relaxation techniques on participants). The first step ensures that each participant is at neutral emotional state (baseline) before we induce a particular emotion with the music clip. The second step ensures the momentary emotional well-being of participants as they do not leave the experiment with induce d emotions, but with neutral emotions (baseline). Method Participants 100 university students enrolled in an introductory psychology course received course credit for their participation. Only students who spoke English as their first language were eligible to participate. Some ethical issues to be considered are the initial screening before participation. It is required that the participants are mentally healthy, and it is essential to exclude those with history of mental and physical illnesses because of the emotional manipulation involved in the experiment; the confidentiality of the information provided by the participants will be ensured. Another ethical issue is that of informed consent: Participants will be informed of experimental procedure, the materials that will be used, and the rights to withdraw before the start of experiment; they also have the option of counselling services and exit interview at point of withdrawal. Questions from participants will be answered at all times of experiment. Finally, participants can be sure that their answe rs remain anonymous as the forms and tests that they filled in during the experiment do not require them to fill in their names, as well as undergoing a debrief of the original intent of the research. Design The nature of this research is considered to be a quasi-experiment, where the independent variable (IV) is emotions, which are induced by the respective music clips (Amusement, contentment, anger, anxiety, neutral), and the dependent variable (DV) is the thought-action repertoire, in which will be measured via two methods: quantitative and qualitative. Materials Participants will be selected at random to be exposed to audio clips which are intended to induce emotions. The audio clips that are exposed to the participants are: Amusement, contentment, anger, anxiety, as well as neutral. Skin conductance level (SCL). To ensure that the participants will not contaminate the data being collected, the SCL will be used to ensure that the participants will start off the experiment in a neutral state. This is done by attaching a node onto the participants’ hands, followed by measuring the skin resistance, which will be varied with the state of the sweat glands on the skin of their hands. Emotion Report Form. Ekman, Friesen, and Ancoli (1980) made use of the emotion report form to identify and test if the emotions induced by the experimenter are successfully manipulated by music clips. This is done by participants giving a rating of emotions felt on a Likert scale. Participants who rated the greatest amount felt of the emotions above on a 9-point Likert scale (0 = none, 8 = a great deal). Twenty Statements Test. Kuhn and McPartland (1954) constructed the Twenty Statements Test to measure the thought-action repertoire of individuals after they are exposed to audio clips. They are required to fill in 20 blank lines which began with â€Å"I would like to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to their greatest extent possible after listening to the audio clip. A higher score is thought to indicate a larger thought-action repertoire. Procedure Before the participants begin the official experiment, they would be required to be put under the SCL test, which is to ensure that they start off the experiment on a neutral state. Participants would then be randomly exposed to one particular audio clip which elicits a single emotion, i.e. a faster tone and pitch audio clip would indicate the participants listening to a happy music. The next step would require the participants to describe the strongest emotion that they felt in a few words, and subsequently asked to complete the Twenty Statements Test. Before the participants finish the experiment, they would be required to complete the Emotion Report Form so that there is consistency in their emotions felt and the emotions written down onto the Twenty Statements Test. Lastly, participants would be given a mandatory relaxation session so that they can fall back to their baseline (neutral state). Results Statistical analysis can be done on various scales, which includes quantitative level, as well as qualitative level. For the quantitative level, analysis can be done for the self-reported emotions from the Emotion Report Form, where a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparisons to test if music clips altered emotional experiences as intended. Positive emotion music groups/Negative emotion music groups will be compared with neutral emotion music group to produce a less ambiguous result. Secondly, a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparisons can be conducted for the number of responses from Twenty Statements Test, and for the group differences in repertoire size, a 5 x 2 ANOVA, where the 5 groups are the audio clips exposed, and the two groups are the culture, which in this case is the Singaporean Culture compared with Foreign culture. On the qualitative level, analysis can be done via coding, where participants who responded in a certain manner will be classified into a category, and f or each participant, proportion scores for each activity was determined by dividing the tally for that activity by the total number of statements the participant generated. Discussion The expected results are that all hypotheses proposed are significant, that is to say that positive emotion will broaden momentary thought-action repertoire, and the amusement emotion will broaden momentary thought action repertoire to a greater degree when compared to contentment. Some of the limitations include the possibility of the individual’s desire to be socially desirable may cause contamination of the data as participants may not write their intended behaviours or thoughts as per the emotions they experience in the music clips. For instance, an individual may not write that he or she will hit someone even though he or she wants to. Future researchers can look into exploring the usage of recording the participants’ response instead of doing the Twenty Statements Test, as there is a possibility of identifying the emotions of the participants through the way they speak.

My Idea of a Professional Teacher Essay

A student is nothing without his/her teacher. Without them we would know nothing and be nothing. The teacher is the one that helps the student understand everything around him/her. The teacher’s pride and glory is to know that he/she helped create a student that would someday live a successful life. When the word â€Å"professional teacher† was said, Sir Camacho comes to my mind. Even though there are a lot of great teachers in Regional Science High School, I chose him because he is a teacher that everyone likes, he is a teacher that is strict but very fun to be with, and he is a teacher that turns something so hard to something very understandable, he is a teacher that understands his students, and helps them in times of need. I remember the first day of being a junior; Sir Camacho was our first subject teacher, I thought he was a very strict teacher that wants every lesson he teaches to be understood by the students immediately, but I was proven wrong. We got along very well and he even shared his experiences to us—his students. Aristotle loves him, he gives us some advices, and we share some secrets with him. I consider Sir Camacho as one of the great teachers that taught me. He is a man that can be a teacher at the same time a friend. Words can’t be enough to describe how much I’m thankful of him and the great knowledge he shared us. Sir Camacho should really be called Superman.

How to Tell a True War Story Essay

O’Briens â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story†, is a compilation of war stories and some experiences that men have had while away from home, at war during a battle. The theme of O’Briens short story is to always look at the positive side of all things that may happen in one’s life. There is a positive side in every single action that takes place in people’s lives. O’Brien tries to explain a war story as best as he can but, most believe that to actually know the events that happened and how gory or pleasant each little thing was, one must experience it themselves. O’Brien’s objective is to prove to the audience that it is next to impossible to tell a â€Å"true† war story and be able to explain all of the details in which are seen throughout a war. In the story, the plot is not an easy one to follow. This is caused by the author putting multiple war stories into one complete story. The following quote is an example of O’Brien trying to express as many minor details as possible: â€Å"They carry the soldier’s greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing. Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor. They died so as not to die of embarrassment.†(O’Brien 1152) This quote is a direct quote from a different short story pertaining to war. Obrien uses this type of writing to try and capture as many minor details as possible in the short story. In the story, this quote explains how every man away from at war is trying to mask their emotions as well as their fear of dying. In the short story called â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† the narrator Tim O’Brien himself has a friend who went to war in Vietnam. His friend Curt Lemon, Tim O’Brien however does not return home to his friends and family after the war is over. In the story, there aren’t any morals. Most people believe war is an awful place and they are exactly correct. The theme of O’Briens short story, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† is to always look at the positive side of things that happen in one’s life. It takes a true soldier who has been in Vietnam fighting in the war to take a positive look at the tings occurring in his life. Shortly after the death of Rat Kiley’s best friend, Curt Lemon writes a letter to Lemons sister, Kileys friend who recently passed: â€Å"He was a slim, dead, and almost dainty young man of about twenty. Hel lay with one leg bent beneath him, his jaw in his throat, his face neither expressive nor in exp ressive. One eye shut. The other was a shaped hole.† (O’Brien 1151) This quote is some of the details in Rat Kileys letter to his dead friend and fellow solider, Curt Lemon. The audience expects the letter to be full of positive things because this is how Rat Kiley looked at certain things though his own eyes. The audience is led to believe that he constantly took a positive outlook in life, which is how all people should see things. Curt Lemon’s sister had no response to Rat’s letter home informing the family that their son had passed. In â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story†, the plot is very hard to follow and to some the theme is hard to find as well. In the end, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† is a well written short story by O’Brien. One could take many life lessons from O’Brien’s work as well as get a little insight of what it might be like to serve for one’s country at war.

The Difference Between Dementia And Alzheimer s Disease

I will begin by explaining the difference between Dementia and Alzheimer s disease. Dementia is not a disease, it is a term used to describe Neurological conditions that involves some form of serious mental disorder such as memory loss, confusion, and impaired judgment. Alzheimer s is an actual disease, which is a form of Dementia and the most common type of Dementia; it is accountable for 60% - 80% of all cases of Dementia. Dementia has been around for many years dating back to the 1900 s. Dementia refers to a group of symptoms that can be caused by many different brain disorders. It is characterized as an impaired functioning that can affects a person’s daily life. Dementia can include memory loss, language difficulty, impaired†¦show more content†¦Progressive Dementia gets worst over time, interfering with the ability to do things. Primary Dementia, are disorders such as Alzheimer s, which does not result from any other diseases. Secondary Dementia, are disorders t hat occur as a result of a physical disease or injury. There can be several causes for Dementia; such as illnesses like heart disease, having a stroke, surgical complications, and low oxygen in the blood, and asthma, which causes damage to the brain and can lead to symptoms of having Dementia. Certain infections like Meningitis, untreated Syphilis, HIV, Lyme s diseases can also lead to Dementia. Brain tumors, side effects from medications, substances abuse (drugs), alcohol, lead, heavy metal, and poisonous substances can also lead to Dementia. There are seven different stages of Dementia; the first stage of Dementia is considered the mild stage. In this stage, the symptoms are less harming and can t affect a person’s normal day to day activities. A person may be somewhat confused but can still function and get things done on their own. The second stage of Dementia is considered the extremely mild stage. In this stage, a person’s symptoms of Dementia may become noticeable by other people, family and friends. A person may have mild symptoms of memory loss, little more confusion and forgetfulness. For example, mixing up their words or not being able to stay on topic and complete a full sentence. At this stage a person can still do things on

Metz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF

FILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metz, Christian. [Essais sur la signification au cinà ©ma. English] Film language: a semiotics of the cinema / Christian Metz: translated by Michael Taylor. p. cm. Translation of: Essais†¦show more content†¦The term constantif, which Metz borrowed from Austin, should be rendered by constantive and not by ascertaining (p. 25). Finally, actor to translate Greimas s concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept (see Ducrà ´t and Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 224), and discours image when translated as image discourse is not very clear, since it is referring to film, which is made up of images. The following rough spots occur only once each: Unusual (p. 5) translates weakly insolite, which has also the connotation of strange, disquieting, surprising, unexpected, and uncanny. A slice of cinema (p.14) would be preferable to a piece of cinema. Narrative agency rather than instance; de-realizationor de-realizing rather than unrealizing. A seminal concept (p. 58) doesn t really render une notion gigogne (again the idea of embedded concepts). The title of Lang s film which is translated by The Damned is actually M. Signifying statements should be semenes (p. 26). I have not found an English equivalent for mise en grilles, which refers to a gridlike breakdown of linguistic units and which Taylor translates by pigeon-holing

Compare and Contrast Frankenstein and Invisible Man

Sometimes the determination of one to achieve his goals and dreams causes him to walk over the feelings or goal of another, making a person fall victim to the other persons desires. Through themes such as hatred, betrayal, and revenge, two pieces of literature, Invisible Man written by Ralph Ellison, and Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley, support this statement to the fullest extent. In both stories, the main character becomes a victim to a person or persons seeking individual power. However, when both characters realize the betrayal of these people, the knowledge causes them to rebel against their authorities. In Invisible Man, a young Negro, who remains unnamed throughout the entire novel and lived during the 1950s, is expelled†¦show more content†¦Though he succeeds with his experiment, and brings his work to life, the appearance of the creature instills such an enormous amount of fear in Victor that he becomes disgusted with his creation. After the horrible encounter with the estranged creature, Victor lets the beast go and flees back to his home in Geneva, hoping to never see the monster again. Upon Victors return, however, his hopes are destroyed when he isShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Role of Female Characters in Frankenstein1459 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine Mary Wollstonecraft Shelleys Frankenstein, the great work of literature, without, for example, such female characters as Mrs. Margaret Saville, Elizabeth Lavenza, and Justine Moritz? In this case the novel will have no meaning. All the women help to develop the plot, and without them Frankenstein will lose its spirit. Although these heroines have a lot in common in their characters: they are all strong-willed, kind, careful, and selfless, at the same time, each of them is uniqueRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pages Orlando Don Quixote A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Gesture Life Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the ScrewRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesdiffers from other kinds of writing - expressive, persuasive, and expository. Expressive writing aims to articulate the feelings of the writer; persuasive writing seeks co influence the reader; expository writing tries to explain the outer world. By contrast, a work of literature creates a world of its own which makes no reference to the real world as we normally know it, thus it is not expository writing. Nor is it quite the same as persuasive writing - a work of fiction makes no direct appeal to usRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthey do not possess the revelant feature. Consequently, identification of the relevant feature results in the establishment of a new, unique, objective category. xvi A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY (noyeau semique) and are, therefore, semantic variables (compare with Émile Beneveniste s extrinsic semes). The new integrity of semic nucleus plus contextual seme(s) constitutes a sememe. (Note that in the terminology of the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, a sememe is the significate of a morpheme. MetzRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 248 Fallacy of Circular Reasoning........................................................................................................... 250 Straw Man Fallacy.............................................................................................................................. 251 False Dilemma Fallacy........................................................................................

Governance in the Business Environment

Question: Section 1 Understanding the organisational purposes of businesses. You will need to: identify the purposes of different types of organisation. describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. Section 2 Understanding the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate. You will need to: explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. Section 3 Understanding the behaviour of organisations in their market environment . You will need to: explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses. illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation. Section 4 Assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities. You will need to: discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations. analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations. evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations.? Answer: Introduction: In this assignment, a thorough understanding is made on the different type of market structures, influence of stakeholders and relationship of an organization with the local, national and global environment. Section 1 The purposes of different types of organization are as follows: Public Sector The purpose of the organizations that work in the public sector is to serve the society rather than making profit. Private Sector The purpose of the organization which is working in the public sector is to gain profit from the services along with providing high quality services to the people (Aras and Crowther 2011). Sole trader The purpose of a sole trader is to provide the products and services to the people along with gaining profit. The sole trader takes the responsibility of all the debts and profits. The type of business that is owned by the sole trader are the specialist services like the plumbers, hair dresser or a photographer is sometime known as sole traders . There are a number of advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: This type of trade is very easy to set up and there is no need of any type of legal documentation. There is only a small amount of money is needed to be invested initially. The entrepreneur can make the decision solely. Disadvantages: As the whole business is ran by him solely so it might be that he may not be good in handling. Sole traders they need to work for longer hours so they do not get time to for vacations. The liability lies upon them when business fails. Partnership The purpose of the partnership is to divide the work, the profits as well as the losses equally among more than one businessperson. However, there should be a legal agreement among the individuals who are working in partnerships with each other Incorporated Company Private Limited Company (Ltd) The purpose of Private Limited Company (Ltd) organization is to give the individuals of the company a chance to posses the shares of the company. The people will get the profit if the rate of the shares increases (Baron 2013). Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) The purpose of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is to prevent the partners to pay the debts individually. Both the partners should clear any debts. Public Limited Company (plc) The purpose of the Public Limited Company (plc) is to invite the public to hold the shares of the company rather than the owners of the business Voluntary Organization: The purpose of the Voluntary Organizations is to provide products and services for the people, which are not aimed at gaining profit (Bansal and Hoffman 2012). Charity The purpose of the charitable organization is to help the poor, enhance the education, religion, health care, development of the community, enhance the culture, human right, and environment and prevent any conflict in the society Cooperative The main purpose of the cooperative is to work for the betterment of the members. The cooperative may or may not work for the non-members. The extent to which an organization will go meet the objectives of the stakeholder depends on the types of stakeholders. Primary: Primary stakeholders are the staff and shareholders of the company who take keen inertest on the operations of the company. Hence, the organization take special interest in carrying out he demands of the primary stakeholders (Baxter-Southworth 2011). Secondary Internal The internal stakeholders are the staffs of the company at various levels. Thus, the organizations take good interest in meeting the objectives of the internal stakeholders External The external stakeholders are mainly interested in the profits and the business of the organization. However, the organization is liable to meet the objectives of the external stakeholders as they also act as the financial assistance for the organization (Baron 2013). Connected The connected stakeholders like the trade unions, customers and the suppliers who have little power. Thus, the organization takes care of their interest but they are the secondary priority for the organizations The extent to which the organization meets the objectives of the stakeholders is as follows: Investors: The provider of the risk capital and the advisers are concerned with risk inherent in and return provided by the investment. Information is needed to help them is decide upon whether to sell o hold back on the stocks The shareholders they are also interested in assessing the ability of the enterprise to pay the dividends. Employees: The employees for understanding the profitability and stability of the employers need information. They are more interested upon the ability of the enterprise to provide benefits of retirement ,remunerationand many more Lenders: The information that is required by them was to enable them to determine whether the loan and the interest attached will be paid when due. Customers: Information about the continuance of the enterprise and its long term involvement interests the customers. Government Agencies: The interest of the government officials is on the allocation of resources. Information is also required by them to regulate the activities of the enterprises. The responsibilities of an organization and the strategies are as follows: Social Responsibilities The responsibilities of the organization towards the society or the general people are termed as social responsibilities. The strategies to meet these responsibilities are to adopt environment-friendly ways to do business and introduce policies that should be followed by the stakeholders. The organization must be ethical in its conduct of business. Taxes should not be avoided for example, as this is treated as unethical. There is a range of policies, which is advised to the stakeholders about the social responsibility, which covers the number of operational area, that are covered. Examples: The social responsibility is of primary concern for business and companies. Thus, they are always up to making the environment better through community development. Legal Responsibilities The legal responsibilities include the actions of the company towards the law of the country. The organization should implement the strategy of paying the tax in time to avoid getting involved in kind of legal problems (Schaffer and Schaffer 2012). Legislation leads to imposition of the obligations on the organization which it must comply with or might face legal redress. The organization type and the framework in which it operates would help in determining which legislation considered as appropriate Example: If an organization is an incorporated company then it must register itself with Companies House to ensure that the details regarding share capital and ownership are kept up to date. They must complete the returns and pay the corporation tax on the profit each year. Stakeholder Responsibilities The strategies that can be implemented to carry out the social and the legal responsibilities can be applied to the stakeholder responsibilities as well. The organization must look into the responsibility of the stakeholders. The fall of the interest of both the legal and social is undoubtedly important to understand the specific responsibility of the stakeholders. Example: The responsibility of the government is to collect tax from the inland revenue, excise and custom duty. The duty of the shareholders would be in the growth of the capital of the shares and the dividends. Section 2: Allocation of resources in the economic system: The sole traders are also guided as per the economic system. This will help them is effectively allocating their resources. Economic system is a system where there is production, exchange, allocation of resources and distribution of the services and the goods in the society in a particular geographical area. Every type of organization functions within an environment. There are different types of economic systems that are functional in different regions. There are three types of economic systems and they are traditional, command and market economy. The allocation of the resources in these economic systems is governed by the three primary questions: what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. In the traditional economic system, the production of goods depends on the tradition and the roles that are passed on through generation. The way to produce the good is determined by the custom and is used by the traditional families and social units. It is mainly used by the Aborigin es of Australia , Mbuit of Cental Africa and Inuit of Canada. In case of the command economy and market economy, the government and individuals respectively determine everything related to production (Pollack, 2011). The market and command economy are the extreme economy, which are not adopted wholly. The command economy is more pronounced in Old kingdom Egypt, middle ages in Europe and Zhou Dynasty of China. The market economy example are found in United States , Australia and Canada. The size of the economy is dependent on the GDP. Majority of the countries are seen to follow mixed economic systems. The market economy is more accepted form in many of the countries as all the countries have the national interest, which is to be paid for emergency services, politicians and defence. The drawback of command form of economy is that there are very little choices available to the customers as the government decides everything. The traditional economy operates in a small regions and the decision is based on the barter system, which is currently not accepted by the countries. Effect of monetary and fiscal policy on the activities of business: The monetary policy and fiscal policies have serious impact on the functioning of the business organization. The government governs the fiscal policies while the monetary policies are governed by the central bank of the country. The changes in the spending by the government and taxation affects the demand level of the economy (Palmer and Hartley 2012). In order to achieve lower taxation on profit or increase in tax on allowances, when there is investment made by the organization on the equipments and the staffs then fiscal policy is used. This will increase the profit as well as the expenditure on the resources by the firm. The more is the spending done by the government on firms who export would help generate more employment. The problem that is sometimes faced by the organization is that the workers can demand for higher pay due to rise in inflation because of increased spending by the government. Monetary policy tends to influence the variables like the interest and money supply that helps in regulating the economy. The low rate of interest is encouraged by the organization as it helps the business to expand. Business functions well when there is more supply of money in the economy (Morrison and Morrison 2011). Example: The expansionary monetary policy was implemented in the United States during the Great Recession. Fiscal policy: The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008in US helped in boosting the economy by sending the taxpayers 600 or 1200 dollars depending upon the marital status and number of dependents I think there should be a proper blend of the monetary and the fiscal policies so that the impact on the activities and the business organization is positive. Impact of the competition policy and activities related to regulatory mechanism on the selected organization. There are specific types of industries where the government can affect the market through the regulatory mechanism and competition. The legislation, Enterprise Act (2002) and the Competition Act (1998) of UK has three types of objectives: Exclusion of the practices and agreements tend to restrict free trade and competition in between the business entities. Banning of dominant firms with abusive behavior and anti competitive practices leading to the dominant position Supervise the mergers and acquisition. The threatening competitive process must be restricted (Miller 2011). The regulatory mechanism of the government helps in controlling activities of the organization. This includes the way taxation helps in encouraging the investment. The increase or the decrease in taxation depends on the skills and training, industrial policy, development in the region and environmental protection. The stated owned agencies that has been privatized are Ofwat , Ofcom and Ofgem. The competition commission regulates the other markets and organization. Section 3 Determination of price and output in the different market structures In case of any type of organization, the equilibrium price and quantity is achieved through the interaction of the supply and demand. There are different types of market structures and each has different way of determining the price and quantity: Perfect competition: In form of market, there are a number of suppliers andno barriers to the entryof firms. The customers are no willing to pay if the product is expensive and too low price is also not acceptable by the producers. Thus, the demand and supply is in equilibrium. Monopolistic: There are many suppliers of the products but the product sold is slightly differentiated. The organization s they carry out different type of pricing strategy. Oligopoly: There are only a few firms dominating the market because there are barriers to the entry of the firms. The organizationsin this form of structure needs to decide on whether to collude or compete, whether to charge a higher price of lower price and whether it is better to take the first move or wait and follow the strategy of the other firm Duopoly: In this type of market, there are two types of organizations controlling the market. Two organizations they compete with each other with respect to price so that they can attract more customers or supply where they effectively agree to share the market. The sole traders may perform in any type of market structure in which their profit is maximized. There are risks associated to the customers due to the lack of competition about the price and quality of goods so the competition policy promotes competition and prevents oligopoly and duopoly (Besanko, Braeutigam and Gibbs 2011). Examples showing the ways in which the forces of the market shapes responses of the organization: The demand and the supply of the products is affected by the availability of the quantity of goods and the services available and the price that is paid to them. It has been seen that when there is relatively inelastic demand there is plenty of supply by the purchasers of the services and the goods. There is also more power to choose and obtain the products. In case of monopolistic competition, strategy must be done carefully and consider what their customers want and need. I think that market forces play an important role. The market forces help in shaping the responses of the organization and this can be shown with the help of the following real life examples: In a duopoly market where Coca cola and Pepsi has a large marker share,they are seen to share the market with lesser investment made on advertising and price competition so that one can be dominant than the other. The electric and the gas companies of UK and the operation of the super markets fall into the category oligopoly. The electric and the gas companies they provide differentiated goods but have similar cost structure so when an organization makes a move the other organization follows it. This is because the products are slightly homogenous. Super markets compete on the services, values and prices. The influence over the suppliers is more by the supermarket rather than the gas and electric industry. Restaurants are form of monopolistic market, where the price and quantity sold depends on the reputations and the quantity provided.This is the reason why the Michelin 5 star rated restaurants cost more than ordinary restaurants (Hulleman and Marijs 2012). Change of behavior of an organization due to the cultural and business environment. In any type of trade, the environment plays a crucial role; this environment also affects sole trades. The macroeconomic environment of an organization is influenced by the following factors: Political: This is shows how stable is the political environment it is related to the fiscal and monetary policies Economic: This shows whether the economic environment is favorable for business. Social: The population structure also affects the functioning of the organization. Technical: If technological development is sound then it is said to be favorable for the business. Ethical or Environmental: The affect of the organization due to the current environment. Legal: Whether the legal framework in the country, helps in assisting or hinders the business operations (Chorafas 2011). Example: PEST for Coca Cola: Political Analysis: The government tries to regulate the manufacturing procedure of the products. The product is subjected to the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Economic Analysis: The recession of 2001 made the US to take up aggressive actions. The company Coca cola took note of this and knew that the interest on the loan is likely to rise when there is return back of the economy. Social analysis: To maintain a healthy lifestyle of the consumers, the company introduced diet Coke. Technological Analysis: The Company is constantly upgrading the technology such as changing the design of the packages so that more customers are eager to purchase. The micro economic environment of the organization depends on the Porters five forces: Strength and level of competition Threat of new entrants Threat of product substitutes Power of the buyers Power of suppliers Example: Porters five forces for Coca cola: There is high level of competition faced by the company Coca Cola.The main competitor for the company is Pepsi. There are minimal barriers to the entry of new entrants. Company from the new entrants faces medium pressure. There are a large number of substitutes available in the market like soda, juices and energy drinks. The individual buyer has no pressure on Coca Cola. The large firm like the Wal-Mart has more bargaining power but lessens with respect to the brand loyalty of the customers. The bargaining power of the supplier is lower for Coca Cola. Section 4 When engaging in any type of business the sole traders need to adhere to the global policies so that it can transact business internationally. The international trade has a significant role to play for both the supplier point of view as well as the customer perspective for the organization, which are working in the UK. As the resources and the customers are not equally available in the market of UK, hence the international trade helps the organization to trade products put of the country as well as get raw material from the foreign countries. A car manufacturer in UK can manufacture more products than it is demanded in the UK. The manufacturer can then export the products in other parts of Europe as well. The cost of human resource is also different in different countries. Hence, if the organization in the market of UK wants to do a particular business that is not possible in the UK, then they can do the business elsewhere by hiring the staffs from that particular country. As the cli mate is not favorable to mine diamonds or grow bananas or grapes in the UK, they can move out to a place, where the climate is favorable as well as human recourses is cheap (Du 2013). The global factors can affect the organization in the UK either negatively or positively. The international trade comes under the positive impact when the organization is able to export a well as import products and services from the foreign countries. The government of Europe has removed the rules and restrictions from the trade. Hence, the foreign organizations organization can do free trade with the organizations in the UK (Hamilton and Webster 2012). On the other hand, the natural disaster and financial downturn in the foreign countries also affect the market of UK. For example, the financial crisis in Greece and the natural disaster in Japan and Peru affect the trade with these countries with the UK. Some other global factors that affect the trade of the UK are: Kyoto Protocol Rio Earth Summit Third World Poverty G-20 Global Financial Stability The policies implemented by the European Union aims at providing a common market for all the countries where they can trade freely. The European Union started in the year 1958 with six members. The countries re benefited because the import and the export tariffs were removed with a common tariff applied to all. The countries are assured no obstacles to cross-border travel and trade, there has been a standardization on the legislation regarding the technical and safety standards, the legal barriers ion trade was abolished, the VAT rates were similar and the qualifications of the employees are recognized equally among the countries (Gil Aluja and TercenÃÅ'Æ’o 2012). Hence, an organization in the UK and another in Germany can compete directly as the legal regulations a d rules will be equal for the two countries under the European Union. Conclusion: The overall assignment helps in understanding the purpose of the business, the environment of the business in which it operates, behavior of organization in the market and significance of the global factor on shaping of business activities. 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